tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22745917473698784962024-03-12T17:46:03.593-07:00About essay writingmondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.comBlogger111125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-11229294849655502842020-08-23T02:01:00.001-07:002020-08-23T02:01:20.235-07:00Strategic Management The case of Cocamondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-18112894869378901822020-08-22T23:06:00.001-07:002020-08-22T23:06:10.735-07:00Fortino Tafoya Essays (991 words) - Learning, Education,Fortino Tafoya CURR 119 Prof. Won-Jones 7/8/18 5 Ways to Use Music, Movement and Manipulatives In My High School ELA Class 1.) My preferred method to stir up the typical daily schedule of direct guidance and maintain a strategic distance from the long talk is to utilize music in the study hall. Either as something to calm understudies minds out of sight while I talk or as a point of convergence of an exercise, music is an energy of mine that I would like to move over to my study hall. My first case of utilizing music in my ELA class is to make a rhyming discussion exercise plan where understudies are given a straightforward rap beat and a rhyme structure to make lines of stanza that speak to data about a theme that they have investigated. This would permit gathering of understudies ranges of abilities to complete the undertaking with a rap fight occurring rather than a common discussion. Understudies will rhyme over music and present their hotspots for the data that manufactured their sentiments. 2.) In my experience, one of the most cumbersome difficulties for some, English instructors is discovering approaches to infuse development into their homeroom. Basically having a second to stand up and stretch is fine, however I need to fuse development into games that assist understudies with auditing material and become more acquainted with one another better. This is a two-winged animals with-one-stone way to deal with utilizing games and development in your study hall. My first model is designated Name 6, where we pass an item around the room and an individual in the middle applauds to stop the passing. The individual holding the article is given the point before the round beginnings and must name 6 (or 4 or 5) things or instances of that subject. That individual passes the item again and has until the article is passed back to them to offer the models or responses. A short time later they go in the center for the following round/point. I adored how this game uses cooperation, a udit, talking, and energy to get understudies up and learning. 3.) As understudies become more established the utilization of manipulatives appears to extraordinarily reduce, nonetheless, the adequacy of them doesn't appear to lose its quality, even as an understudy develops into secondary school. Clearly, manipulatives can be unreasonably basic for more seasoned understudies however on the off chance that the educator can be resourseful or inventive they can make new ones that mirror the understudies learning premiums, or be all the more true appropriate. One case of a secondary school level manipulative is a game I as of late found at a second hand shop called Word Teasers.' This game comes in a few aptitude levels and with various themes. The possibility of the game is to begin a conversation based around a language expressions theme. The game I purchased was Clever Sayings and it showed understudies basic maxims in English with a meaning of the figure of speech just as a recommendation or inquiry to pose to the remainder of the gathering. I like this game since it isn't only for survey, it can really present new ideas or make new associations of thoughts for understudies. The game likewise doesn't keep track of who's winning or have a victor, it is essentially about making a conversation among understudies dependent on a point. I couldn't imagine anything better than to locate different forms of this game for more language expressions points. 4.) Another way that I intend to utilize music in my homerooms is to make melodies that assist understudies with looking into complex ideas and jargon words. I couldn't want anything more than to utilize my study hall as an outlet for my music, regardless of whether that implies making ELA raps or tunes. I truly like the possibility of Language Arts based raps since rap is an expressive style of music and fits heaps of words and important expressions. I figure this medium would be ideal to utilize music to get thoughts to latch onto understudy's subconscious minds. Rap is the most mainstream classification of music in America and I don't trust it is difficult to get understudies who are hopeful rappers to help or add to the music too. These melodies will be accessible online for understudies to tune in to at study time or for different instructors to use as an asset. Simply don't get some information about my MC name yet, mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-50846830395301834752020-08-21T23:43:00.001-07:002020-08-21T23:43:36.277-07:00Andersen’s Case Auditing and Assurance ServicesArthur Andersen was one of the five greatest bookkeeping firms in United States. Arthur Andersen is explicit model about the latest business breakdown, which is viewed as significant in American business history. The firm, rehearsing in excess of 80 nations with a large number of representatives, presently lost its notoriety for being a review and bookkeeping firm. There are a wide range of considerations and decisions about the situation when Arthur Anderson bombed its errands to distinguish false money related exercises on Enron and a few distinctive companies.The Enron Company sought financial protection in December of 2001. Being notable as a major vitality organization which home office is situated in Houston, the chapter 11 of the organization drew parts off considerations from business world. Inquiries were posed and bunches of monetary errors were uncovered and Arthur Andersen â⬠Enronââ¬â¢s outer inspecting and bookkeeping firm in Houston, was included. Stephens (2002) expressed, Arthur Andersen who were answerable for overseeing Enronââ¬â¢s reviews, had illicitly decimated paper and electronic records identified with their portrayal of Enron (p. 4). The case before long went to the jury. Louwers et al. (2011) detailed the directions depended on the wording of sculpture that makes it a wrongdoing to purposely utilize terrorizing or physical power, compromise, or corruptly convince other individual. As indicated by Oxford Dictionaries on the web, degenerate methods having or demonstrating an ability to act untrustworthily as an end-result of cash or individual addition. For this situation, the word ââ¬Å"corruptâ⬠was not applied suitably to the activities of Anderson. There was no proof to demonstrate that there is an individual who is degenerate persuader.Who was the one that acted deceptively? The court likewise needs to distinguish the individual increase that a degenerate persuader can pick up from having such activity. The court cou ldn't discover the responses to this issue, which implies the choice is appended to the firmââ¬â¢s destiny â⬠Arthur Andersen. Research by Stephens (2002) states that to explain the guidance of Judge Harmon about ââ¬Å"corruptlyâ⬠, the arraignment portrays the unlawful lead of four degenerate persuaders: Duncan, Temple, Thomas Bauer, and Michael Odom.After a couple of days, the jury was not required to consistently concede to the single degenerate persuaderââ¬â¢s personality (Stephens, 2002). As Louwers et al. (2011) expressed that the issues that upset the Andersen decision depended on defective jury guidelines, not on whether Andersen was in truth liable or guiltless. It was not Andersen who disregarded the law; it is people of the organization who did. Hoxter (2005) contended that the guidelines were defective in light of the fact that they didn't require evidence that Andersen authorities realized they were accomplishing something wrong.The administering crushing the records was not a wrongdoing. There must be an individual with power who conveyed the directions for Arthur Andersen workers to do as such. As Stephens (2002) repeated from the meetings with columnists after the decision, four members of the jury recognized Temple as that individual. It is appropriated for the Supreme Court to topple the lower courtââ¬â¢s choice since Judge Harmon utilized the word ââ¬Å"promptlyâ⬠with various significance from the word reference, which is ââ¬Å"improper purposeâ⬠, for example, plan to sabotage or subvert the reality discovering capacity of an authority proceeding.The lower court flopped in distinguishing the particular individual who is corruptive persuader. As indicated by Duska (2005), Arthur Anderson, an admired firm, at once, valued its job as examiner since it satisfied a significant open capacity. As reviewers, Andersenââ¬â¢s representatives ought to have had clear personalities to ensure that the budget summaries that they review are truly what were happening in the organization. Notwithstanding, large cash that was made in the counseling implies the duties that evaluators need to confront is heavier.The SEC and the branch of Justice shouldââ¬â¢ve attempted to focused explicit people who had occupied with acts since it appears not reasonable for the remainder of the firm. As per Cunningham (2005), ââ¬Å"It is a disgrace that the activities of a couple of people at Andersen caused 28,000 representatives in the U. S. to lose their jobsâ⬠(p. 6). For sure, making the total firm bankrupt for the untrustworthy activities of a few people was the genuine sin. Andersenââ¬â¢s conviction was upset doesn't imply that its representatives acted in moral manner.McNamee and Palmeri (2002) gave data about Arthur Andersonââ¬â¢s tidying up crucial the Enron case began to topple. From Andersonââ¬â¢s interior archive, Enron group was additionally caught up with revising four key reminders to addres s the record of its survey of Enronââ¬â¢s tangle and clashed organization bargains (McNamee and Palmeri, 2002). Additionally, David Duncan overruled the worries on in any event four events, siding rather with Enron on disputable bookkeeping that assists with concealing obligation sum and raised the earnings.That isn't all, there are likewise confirms said that Duncanââ¬â¢s group composed notices which are erroneously expressed that PSG accomplices had approved Enronââ¬â¢s creative accounting. Nancy Temple is the lawyer for Arthur Andersen. She is the person who ought to unmistakably think pretty much all the guidelines and ought not be the person who acted dishonestly. As indicated by McNamee and Palmer (2002), notices from Nancy Temple to David Duncan were discovered which can thought about the principle key in the conviction of Duncan regarding destroying the reports. It is more for Nancy Temple who is progressively answerable for the Andersen saga.The legal claim against Andersen likewise has another name which incorporate different elements name in there in light of the fact that those elements additionally had associated with Enronââ¬â¢s case. These substances caused Enron to conceal in light of the fact that by helping them they make more benefit. From Arthur Andersenââ¬â¢s case, substances and bookkeeping firms in business world ought to learn exercises for their own products. On the off chance that the workers notice of any worried about the legitimateness of any records, they should contact the lawful office immediately. There is nothing incorrectly discarding business papers that are not needed.It is unlawful just when maintenance is legally necessary or guideline as indicated by Stephens (2002). Reference Page Hoxter, C. J. (2005). Arthur Andersen Conviction Overturned. Caribbean Business, 33(25), 8. Duska, R. (2005). The Good Auditor â⬠Skeptic or Wealth Accumulator? Moral Lessons Learned from the Arthur Andersen Debacle. Diary Of Business Ethics, 57(1), 17-29. doi:10. 1007/s10551-004-3818-1 Stephens, D. O. (2002). Untruths, Corruption, and Document Destruction. Data Management Journal, 36(5), 23. McNamee, M. , Borrus, A. , and Palmeri, C. (2002). Wild AT ANDERSEN.Businessweek, (3777), 32-33. Cunningham, C. (2005, July-August). Regretting Andersen's downfall and the loss of review rivalry. Money related Executive, 21(6), 6. Recovered from http://go. galegroup. com. glbvv001. enmu. edu/ps/I. do? id=GALE%7CA134300985=2. 1=nm_a_enmu=r=EAIM=w In Oxford Dictionaries on the web. Recovered from http://oxforddictionaries. com/us/definition/american_english/degenerate? q=corrupt Louwers, T. J. , Ramsay, R. J. , Sinason, D. H, Strawser, J. R, and Thinodeau, J. C. (2011). Inspecting and Assurance Services (fifth, ed. ). NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-51879852876957036672020-08-21T20:48:00.001-07:002020-08-21T20:48:29.836-07:00Analysis Of The Astronomers Wife Essay Example For StudentsInvestigation Of The Astronomers Wife Essay Investigation of The Astronomers WifeIn the Astronomers Wife by Kay Boyle, something as basic as aconversation with a handyman about a halted elbow is sufficient to trigger anawakening in Mrs. Katherine Ames. At the point when Mrs. Ames understood that the handyman wastalking about something she comprehended (the halted elbow), she understood thather conjugal issues were not the consequence of a division betwwen the sexes;instead, she understood that a few men, similar to the handyman, are as down to earth as sheis, and that some other men, similar to her better half, disdain individuals like her becausethey are mentally disposed. Past to this revelation, Katherine did notrealize that there were various types of men, and along these lines she did notrealize that she and her significant other were confused. Moreover, in her awakening,Mrs. Ames additionally finds that she, similar to the handyman, possesses as significant aplace in the public eye as the cosmologist, for she accomplishe s the grimy work to free peoplelike her better half to have the opportunity to think and to find. The scene being referred to happens after Mrs. Ames has just seen thatthe handyman has a couple of physical qualities that coordinate her own (such asblond hair), and she is conversing with him as he dives into the earth. The scenebegins following the handyman says I think something has halted theelbow, on the grounds that this expression was one of only a handful scarcely any things that a man has ever saidthat Mrs. Ames has comprehended. After the handyman has plunged into the groundbefore the scene, Mrs. Ames is the just one remaining. She spends the entireduration of this scene sitting on the grass, quietly thinking and uncovering herthoughts to the crowd. During her course of reasoning, Mrs. Ames makes the significant revelation thatthere is an entire race of useful individuals such as herself, people the same. She realized that when her better half discussed stature, having no feeling of it, shecould not picture it nor hear, however for some odd reason, when another man whohappened to be a plumer talked about his work, franticness in an every day shape, as elbowstopped, she saw plainly and well. Mrs Ames at long last acknowledged during thesethoughts that these were two men with two unique lifestyles, and perhapsher lifestyle fit the handymen more than the space experts, in that she toocould recognize just with every day concerns. The division between individuals in hermind was not, at this point just among people; it was presently the working and thethinking, the individuals who had constantly gone up, and other people who went down, as thecorporeal being of the dead. She presently perceived that there were both physicaland profound individuals, herself and the handyman being the previous, and herhusband being the last mentioned. The topic is uncovered in the manner that these two classes of individuals, thetoilers and the masterminds, respond to the world. The individuals who work with theirhands, when they see weeds jumping up, don't move to destroy them fromlife. At the end of the day, individuals like Mrs, Ames, after perceiving something thatoccupies a similar situation in the public eye that they do, for example, the frequently not well respected weed, don't feel constrained to obliterate it. Weeds, similar to the workers,although thought about monstrous, are as important for nature to be in balance as themore delightful blossom seems to be. Be that as it may, individuals like the space expert could balanceand separate, remove, crush. This shows individuals with grand ambitions,like the cosmologist, don't view the average citizens as vital for the worldto run easily, and would prefer to devastate them. The cosmologist does notrealize that by unclogging channels and performing other such tasks, those peo plehave permitted him to be allowed to consider enormous scope issues. Interactionbetween the two sorts of individuals is essential, regardless of whether it is possible that one understands it,for the world to work. .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .postImageUrl , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:hover , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:visited , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:active { border:0!important; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:active , .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:hover { haziness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content improvement: underline; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content adornment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u15a9b39567f8281 89231e788705e870d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u15a9b39567f828189231e788705e870d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: What Is Science EssayThe Astronomers Wife is an incredible short story that brings out theoften overlooked point that both the viable individuals and the goal-oriented dreamersare significant for every others endurance. While Mrs. Ames maybe could neverget along without her better half, it was no shortcoming of her own that she didnt. Sheprovided an agreeable existance for the space expert with the goal that he would be free todo his work, and the marriage would have been more joyful if Mr. Ames recognizedall that she had done, and had thought of her as way of life a legitimate one. Of coursean understanding was never reached, on the grounds that in any case the creator would not havebeen ready to represent the comparative clashes that exist in todays society sowell. mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-43538147104399438422020-07-13T23:16:00.001-07:002020-07-13T23:16:02.580-07:00What Algorithms Can (and Cant) Tell Us About Gender and LiteratureWhat Algorithms Can (and Cant) Tell Us About Gender and Literature Last month, a story came out about five scholars whod set up an algorithm to read 3.5 million books. The five co-authors were looking for adjectives and gender. They mapped those more commonly used to describe women, and those more commonly used to describe men. The resulting paper, Unsupervised Discovery of Gendered Language through Latent-Variable Modeling, is hardly earth-shaking. In a nutshell, co-authors Alexander Hoyle, Lawrence Wolf-Sonkin, Hanna Wallach, Isabelle Augenstein, and Ryan Cotterell write: Positive adjectives used to describe women are more often related to their bodies than adjectives used to describe men. Women are more likely to be called pretty. Men are more likely to be called interesting. Study authors looked for the most common adjectives across 3.5 million books. Among the words most commonly used to describe women: beautiful, lovely, chaste, fertile. Among those most commonly used to describe men: just, sound, righteous, and rational. Lest you think there is some rational basis for these choices, the authors note: Even within 24 hours of birth, parents describe their daughters as beautiful, pretty, and cute far more often than their sons. Fewer Women Characters? Another recent paper to use large-scale data to look at gender in literature was âThe Transformation of Gender in English-Language Fiction,â published in the Journal of Cultural Analytics in 2018. These co-authorsâ"Ted Underwood, Sabrina Lee, and David Bammanâ"set up a series of machine-learning models to look at 104,000 works of fiction written between 1700 and 2010. According to The Economist, this body of 104,000 books contains almost all classic novels, but only about half of the books that have been listed in Publishers Weekly[.] What did they find? For one thing, women apparently used to write more. The percentage of books written by women fell from around 50% at the start of the 19th century to less than a quarter by the 1960s. It rebounded to around 40% in the 21st. They found that women characters also plummeted. Their modelâ"which promises to guess gender of characters by names and pronouns with more than 90% accuracy saw that the share of the narrative given to fictional women declined over 150 years, before recovering slightly. The Limits of Algorithm Criticism Of course, as an essay in Aeon notes, AI criticism is limited by its human trainers. And some number crunching seems ripe for overreach, as when Matthew Jockers declared there were only six (or sometimes seven) essential plots. In a critique in the Chronicle of Higher Education, Nan Z. Da comes down hard on these big-data studies of literature. Da accuses this branch of the digital humanities of generating bad literary criticism, but also lacking rigor. Its findings are either banal or, if interesting, not statistically robust. Da cites a 2019 book by Ted Underwood, Distant Horizons, that makes a range of assertions on the back of big data. This includes, according to Da, that gender becomes more blurred after 1840. Da quite reasonably suggestions that a blurring of gender descriptions might mean absolutely nothing. And indeed, it seems to contradict what the authors of Unsupervised Discovery of Gendered Language through Latent-Variable Modeling have found. In general, algorithm findings seem to work betterâ"at least thus farâ"when they are working on more clear-cut patterns (number of women characters) rather than messier ones (essential plot types). In Unsupervised Discovery of Gendered Language through Latent-Variable Modeling, the co-authors acknowledge that their study has several limitations. First, their search ignores the demographics of the speaker. It also ignores genre, so that romance and cowboy fiction are all thrown into the same basket. And third, it ignores the time when a work was published: They looked through roughly 3.5 million published between 1900 to 2008. Hopefully, books published in 2006 were at least edging away from chaste, barren, and vivacious as ways of describing women. Insights with Google Ngrams Unscientifically, its always interesting to check out the Google Ngram to see when words fall in and out of use in the Google Books corpus. Use of the word girlish, for example, peaked around 1900. Use of the word slut zigzags, going up and down. It peaks in 1900, goes down, heads up around 1930, and then takes off in 1980. After that, slut continues its rise. Whore, on the other hand, was more popular in 1810â"at least according to Google Ngramâ"than it is today. Interestingly, rape is something we didnt talk about much before 1970, and that goes double for sexual assault. Surely, there are things we can learn from algorithms about the way we talk about gender over time. But also, as with any bad use of data, much fluff and nonsense. Sign up to Today In Books to receive daily news and miscellany from the world of books. mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-82554188713010668502020-06-30T22:16:00.001-07:002020-06-30T22:16:04.970-07:00Transport layer security - Free Essay Example The Transport Layer Security Protocol is used to communicate between client-server applications across a network. TLS helps in the communication preventing from the following Tampering, Eavesdropping, Message forgery. TLS provides the authentication at the endpoints and confidentiality over the network using cryptography and also it provides RSA security with 1024 and 2048 bit strengths In typical end-user/browser usage, TLS authentication is unilateral: only the server is authenticated (the client knows the servers identity), but not vice versa (the client remains unauthenticated or anonymous). TLS uses handshake protocol for the communication over internet. Following are the steps involved in TLS Handshake Protocol:- Both client and server exchanges Hello messages to agree on the algorithms exchange the random values and check for the session resumption between them. Both client and serer Exchange the necessary cryptographic parameters to agree on a premaster secret. The certificates and cryptographic information are exchanged between client and server for authenticating themselves. Generate a master secret from the premaster secret and exchanged random values. Security parameters will be provided to the record layer. It allows the client and server to verify that their peer has calculated the same security parameters and that the handshake occurred without tampering by an attacker. Note that higher layers should not be overly reliant on TLS always negotiating the strongest possible connection between two peers. There are a number of ways a man in the middle attacker can attempt to make two entities drop down to the least secure method they support. The protocol has been designed to minimize this risk, but there are still attacks available: for example, an attacker could block access to the port a secure service runs on, or attempt to get the peers to negotiate an unauthenticated connection. The fundamental rule is that higher levels must be cognizant of what their security requirements are and never transmit information over a channel less secure than what they require. The TLS protocol is secure, in that any cipher suite offers its promised level of security: if you negotiate 3DES with a 1024 bit RSA key exchange with a host whose certificate you have verified, you can expect to be that secure. The message that ends the handshake sends a hash of all the e xchanged data seen by both parties. The pseudo random function splits the input data in two halves and processes them with different hashing algorithms (MD5 and SHA), then XORs them together. This way it protects itself in the event that one of these algorithms is found vulnerable. The Windows Server 2003 operating system can use three related security protocols to provide authentication and secure communications over the Internet: Transport Layer Security Version 1.0 (TLS v1.0) Secure Socket Layer Version 3.0 (SSL 3.0) Secure Socket Layer Versions 2.0 (SSL 2.0) IPSEC IPsec is designed to provide interoperable, high quality, cryptographically-based security for IPv4 and IPv6. The set of security services offered includes access control, connectionless integrity, data origin authentication, protection against replays (a form of partial sequence integrity), confidentiality (encryption), and limited traffic flow confidentiality. These services are provided at the IP layer, offering protection for IP and/or upper layer protocols. These objectives are met through the use of two traffic security protocols, the Authentication Header (AH) and the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), and through the use of cryptographic key management procedures and protocols. The set of IPsec protocols employed in any context, and the ways in which they are employed, will be determined by the security and system requirements of users, applications, and/or sites/organizations. When these mechanisms are correctly implemented and deployed, they ought not to adversel y affect users, hosts, and other Internet components that do not employ these security mechanisms for protection of their traffic. These mechanisms also are designed to be algorithm-independent. This modularity permits selection of different sets of algorithms without affecting the other parts of the implementation. For example, different user communities may select different sets of algorithms (creating cliques) if required. A standard set of default algorithms is specified to facilitate interoperability in the global Internet. The use of these algorithms, in conjunction with IPsec traffic protection and key management protocols, is intended to permit system and application developers to deploy high quality, Internet layer, cryptographic security technology. The IPSec process This topic provides an overview of IPSec concepts that are central to understanding the IPSec process, including IPSec policy configuration and the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol. In addition, this topic describes how IPSec network traffic processing works, using two intranet computers as an example. IPSec Policy Configuration In Windows2000, WindowsXP, and the Windows Server2003 family, IPSec is implemented primarily as an administrative tool that you can use to enforce security policies on IP network traffic. A security policy is a set of packet filters that define network traffic as it is recognized at the IP layer. A filter action defines the security requirements for the network traffic. A filter action can be configured to: Permit, Block, or Negotiate security (negotiate IPSec). IPSec filters are inserted into the IP layer of the computer TCP/IP networking protocol stack so that they can examine (filter) all inbound or outbound IP packets. Except for a brief delay required to negotiate a security relationship between two computers, IPSec is transparent to end-user applications and operating system services. A collective set of IPSec security settings is known as an IPSec policy. Windows2000, WindowsXP, and the Windows Server2003 family provide a graphical user interface and several command-li ne tools that you can use to configure an IPSec policy, and then assign it to a computer. To ensure that IPSec communication is successful and that IPSec meets the security requirements of your organization, you must carefully design, configure, coordinate, and manage IPSec policies. In many organizations, one administrator might be responsible for configuring and managing IPSec policies for many, if not all, computers. Internet Key Exchange (IKE) security associations The IKE protocol is designed to securely establish a trust relationship between each computer, to negotiate security options, and dynamically generate shared, secret cryptographic keying material. The agreement of security settings associated with keying material is called a security association, also known as an SA. These keys will provide authenticity, integrity, and optionally, encryption of IP packets that are sent using the security association. IKE negotiates two types of security associations: A main mode security association (the IKE security association that is used to protect the IKE negotiation itself). IPSec security associations (the security associations that are used to protect application traffic). You can configure IPSec policy settings for both types of security associations. The IPSec service interprets an IPSec policy, expanding it into the components that it needs to control the IKE negotiation. The IPSec policy contains one definition of a packet filter. The packet filter is interpreted in two ways: one uses only the address and identity information to allow IKE to establish a main mode SA (the IKE security association); the other allows IKE to establish the IPSec security associations (also known as quick mode security associations). IPSec network traffic processing The following illustration shows how IPSec works in terms of the IPSec components for two intranet computers. For simplicity, this example is of an intranet in which two computers have an active IPSec policy. Alice, using a data application on ComputerA, sends an application IP packet to Bob on ComputerB. The IPSec driver on ComputerA checks its outbound IP filter lists and determines that the packets should be secured. The action is to negotiate security, so the IPSec driver notifies IKE to begin negotiations. The IKE service on ComputerA completes a policy lookup, using its own IP address as the source and the IP address of ComputerB as the destination. The main mode filter match determines the main mode settings that ComputerA proposes to ComputerB. ComputerA sends the first IKE message in main mode, using UDP source port 500, destination port 500. IKE packets receive special processing by the IPSec driver to bypass filters. ComputerB receives an IKE main mode message requesting secure negotiation. It uses the source IP address and the destination IP address of the UDP packet to perform a main mode policy lookup, to determine which security settings to agree to. ComputerB has a main mode file that matches, and so replies to begin negotiation of the main mode SA. ComputerA and ComputerB now negotiate options, exchange identities, verify trust in those identities (authentication), and generate a shared master key. They have now established an IKE main mode SA. ComputerA and ComputerB must mutually trust each other. ComputerA then performs an IKE quick mode policy lookup, using the full filter to which the IPSec driver matched the outbound packet. ComputerA selects the quick mode security settings and proposes them, and the quick mode filter, to ComputerB. ComputerB also performs an IKE quick mode policy lookup, using the filter description offered by ComputerA. ComputerB selects the security settings required by its policy and compares those settings to those offered by computerA. ComputerB accepts one set of options and completes the remainder of the IKE quick mode negotiation to create a pair of IPSec security associations. One IPSec SA is inbound and one IPSec SA is outbound. The IPSec SAs are identified by a Security Parameter Index (SPI), which is inserted into the IPSec header of each packet sent. The IPSec driver on ComputerA uses the outbound SA to sign and, if required, encrypt the packets. If the network adapter can perform hardware offload of IPSec cryptographic functions, the IPSec driver formats the packets, but does not perform the IPSec cryptographic functions. The IPSec driver passes the packets to the network adapter driver, indicating whether the adapter must perform the IPSec cryptographic functions. The network adapter transmits the packets into the network. The network adapter driver at ComputerB receives the encrypted packets from the network. The SPI is used by the receiver of an IPSec packet to find the corresponding IPSec security association, with the cryptographic keys required to verify and decrypt the packets. If the network adapter can decrypt the packets in hardware, it verifies whether it can recognize the SPI. If it cannot decrypt the packets in hardware, or if it cannot recognize the SPI, it passes the packets up to the IPSec driver. The IPSec driver on ComputerB uses the inbound SA SPI to retrieve the keys required to validate authentication and integrity and, if required, to decrypt the packets. The IPSec driver converts the packets from IPSec format back to standard IP packet format. It passes the validated and decrypted IP packets to the TCP/IP driver, which passes them to the receiving application on ComputerB. The IPSec SAs continue to provide very strong, transparent protection for application data traffic. The IPSec SAs are automatically refreshed by an IKE quick mode negotiation for as long as the application sends and receives data. When the application stops sending and receiving data, the IPSec SAs become idle and are deleted. Typically, the IKE main mode SA is not deleted. By default, the main mode SA has a lifetime of 8 hours. You can configure the main mode SA lifetime to as short as 5 minutes to a maximum of 48 hours. Whenever more traffic is sent, a new quick mode is negotiated automatically to create two new IPSec SAs to protect application traffic. This process is rapid, because the main mode SA already exists. If a main mode SA expires, it is automatically renegotiated as needed. Advantage of TSL Encryption à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬ Both request and response bodies are protected from intermediate prying eyes. Server authenticated à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬ Clients who record the servers SSL certificate can monitor it to ensure it does not change over time (which could indicate a man-in-the-middle attack). Using a certificate signed by a signing authority can also provide a similar level of assurance for the client application. Easy setup à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬ No additional coding required, just configure the web server the advantages of SSL VPN are no any client software needed in the client computer, they just need a web browser that can support SSL protocol is enough, because no any client software needed in the client computer, so no any additional license cost needed for the client pc to connect to the host. besides that, it is easy to use and setup, so the IT department staff no need to worry about the configuration for the worker who want to use the VPN. Advantages of IPsec There are, however, advantages to doing it at the IP level instead of, or as well as, at other levels. IPsec is the most general way to provide these services for the Internet. Higher-level services protect a single protocol; for example PGP protects mail. Lower level services protect a single medium; for example a pair of encryption boxes on the ends of a line make wiretaps on that line useless unless the attacker is capable of breaking the encryption. IPsec, however, can protect any protocol running above IP and any medium which IP runs over. More to the point, it can protect a mixture of application protocols running over a complex combination of media. This is the normal situation for Internet communication; IPsec is the only general solution. IPsec can also provide some security services in the background, with no visible impact on users. To use PGP encryption and signatures on mail, for example, the user must at least: remember his or her passphrase, keep it secure follow procedures to validate correspondents keys These systems can be designed so that the burden on users is not onerous, but any system will place some requirements on users. No such system can hope to be secure if users are sloppy about meeting those requirements. TASK 2 The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is a communications protocol used to manage the membership of Internet Protocol multicast groups. IGMP is used by IP hosts and adjacent multicast routers to establish multicast group memberships. It is an integral part of the IP multicast specification, operating above the network layer, though it does not actually act as a transport protocol. It is analogous to ICMP for unicast connections. IGMP can be used for online streaming video and gaming, and allows more efficient use of resources when supporting these types of applications. IP multicast is a technique for one-to-many communication over an IP infrastructure in a network. It scales to a larger receiver population by not requiring prior knowledge of who or how many receivers there are. Multicast uses network infrastructure efficiently by requiring the source to send a packet only once, even if it needs to be delivered to a large number of receivers. The nodes in the network take care of replicating the packet to reach multiple receivers only when necessary. The most common low-level protocol to use multicast addressing is User Datagram Protocol (UDP). By its nature, UDP is not reliableà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬ messages may be lost or delivered out of order. Reliable multicast protocols such as Pragmatic General Multicast (PGM) have been developed to add loss detection and retransmission on top of IP multicast. Key concepts in IP multicast include an IP multicast group address, a multicast distribution tree and receiver driven tree creation. An IP multicast group address is used by sources and the receivers to send and receive content. Sources use the group address as the IP destination address in their data packets. Receivers use this group address to inform the network that they are interested in receiving packets sent to that group. For example, if some content is associated with group 239.1.1.1, the source will send data packets destined to 239.1.1.1. Receivers for that content will inform the network that they are interested in receiving data packets sent to the group 239.1.1.1. The receiver joins 239.1.1.1. The protocol used by receivers to join a group is called the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). Once the receivers join a particular IP multicast group, a multicast distribution tree is constructed for that group. The protocol most widely used for this is Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM). It sets up multicast distribution trees such that data packets from senders to a multicast group reach all receivers which have joined the group. For example, all data packets sent to the group 239.1.1.1 are received by receivers who joined 239.1.1.1. There are many different variations of PIM implementations: Sparse Mode (SM), Dense Mode (DM), Source Specific Mode (SSM) and Bidirectional Mode (Bidir, or Sparse-Dense Mode, SDM). Of these, PIM-SM is the most widely deployed as of 2006[update]; SSM and Bidir are simpler and sc alable variations developed more recently are gaining in popularity. IP multicast operation does not require a source sending to a given group to know about the receivers of the group. The multicast tree construction is initiated by network nodes which are close to the receivers or is receiver driven. This allows it to scale to a large receiver population. The IP multicast model has been described by Internet architect Dave Clark as follows: You put packets in at one end, and the network conspires to deliver them to anyone who asks. Multicast (top) compared with unicast broadcasting (bottom). Orange circles represent endpoints, and green circles represent routing points. IP multicast creates state information (state) per multicast distribution tree in the network, i.e., current IP multicast routing protocols do not aggregate state corresponding to multiple distribution trees. So if a router is part of 1000 multicast trees, it has 1000 multicast routing and forwarding entrie s. As a result there are worries about scaling multicast to large numbers of distribution trees. However, because multicast state exists only along the distribution tree it is unlikely that any single router in the Internet maintains state for all multicast trees. This is a common misunderstanding compared to unicast. A unicast router needs to know how to reach all other unicast addresses in the Internet, even if it does this using just a default route. For this reason, aggregation is key to scaling unicast routing. Also, there are core routers that carry routes in the hundreds of thousands because they contain the Internet routing table. On the other hand, a multicast router does not need to know how to reach all other multicast trees in the Internet. It only needs to know about multicast trees for which it has downstream receivers. This is key to scaling multicast-addressed services. It is very unlikely that core Internet routers would need to keep state for all multicast distribu tion trees they only need to keep state for trees with downstream membership. When this type of router joins a shared forwarding tree it is referred to as a graft and when it is removed it is called a prune. Multicast Process Figure 2 illustrates the process whereby a client receives a video multicast from the server. The client sends an IGMP join message to its designated multicast router. The destination MAC address maps to the Class D address of group being joined, rather being the MAC address of the router. The body of the IGMP datagram also includes the Class D group address. The router logs the join message and uses PIM or another multicast routing protocol to add this segment to the multicast distribution tree. IP multicast traffic transmitted from the server is now distributed via the designated router to the clients subnet. The destination MAC address corresponds to the Class D address of group The switch receives the multicast packet and examines its forwarding table. If no entry exists for the MAC address, the packet will be flooded to all ports within the broadcast domain. If a entry does exist in the switch table, the packet will be forwarded only to the designated ports. With IGMP V2, the client can cease group membership by sending an IGMP leave to the router. With IGMP V1, the client remains a member of the group until it fails to send a join message in response to a query from the router. Multicast routers also periodically send an IGMP query to the all multicast hosts group or to a specific multicast group on the subnet to determine which groups are still active within the subnet. Each host delays its response to a query by a small random period and will then respond only if no other host in the group has already reported. This mechanism prevents many hosts from congesting the network with simultaneous reports. PIM Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) is a collection of multicast routing protocols, each optimized for a different environment. There are two main PIM protocols, PIM Sparse Mode and PIM Dense Mode. A third PIM protocol, Bi-directional PIM, is less widely used. Typically, either PIM Sparse Mode or PIM Dense Mode will be used throughout a multicast domain. However, they may also be used together within a single domain, using Sparse Mode for some groups and Dense Mode for others. This mixed-mode configuration is known as Sparse-Dense Mode. Similarly, Bi-directional PIM may be used on its own, or it may be used in conjunction with one or both of PIM Sparse Mode and PIM Dense Mode. All PIM protocols share a common control message format. PIM control messages are sent as raw IP datagrams (protocol number 103), either multicast to the link-local ALL PIM ROUTERS multicast group, or unicast to a specific destination. PIM Sparse Mode PIM Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) is a multicast routing protocol designed on the assumption that recipients for any particular multicast group will be sparsely distributed throughout the network. In other words, it is assumed that most subnets in the network will not want any given multicast packet. In order to receive multicast data, routers must explicitly tell their upstream neighbors about their interest in particular groups and sources. Routers use PIM Join and Prune messages to join and leave multicast distribution trees. PIM-SM by default uses shared trees, which are multicast distribution trees rooted at some selected node (in PIM, this router is called the Rendezvous Point, or RP) and used by all sources sending to the multicast group. To send to the RP, sources must encapsulate data in PIM control messages and send it by unicast to the RP. This is done by the sources Designated Router (DR), which is a router on the sources local network. A single DR is elected from all PIM rou ters on a network, so that unnecessary control messages are not sent. One of the important requirements of PIM Sparse Mode, and Bi-directional PIM, is the ability to discover the address of a RP for a multicast group using a shared tree. Various RP discovery mechanisms are used, including static configuration, Bootstrap Router, Auto-RP, Anycast RP, and Embedded RP. PIM-SM also supports the use of source-based trees, in which a separate multicast distribution tree is built for each source sending data to a multicast group. Each tree is rooted at a router adjacent to the source, and sources send data directly to the root of the tree. Source-based trees enable the use of Source-Specific Multicast (SSM), which allows hosts to specify the source from which they wish to receive data, as well as the multicast group they wish to join. With SSM, a host identifies a multicast data stream with a source and group address pair (S,G), rather than by group address alone (*,G). PIM-SM may use source-based trees in the following circumstances. For SSM, a last-hop router will join a source-based tree from the outset. To avoid data sent to an RP having to be encapsulated, the RP may join a source-based tree. To optimize the data path, a last-hop router may choose to switch from the shared tree to a source-based tree. PIM-SM is a soft-state protocol. That is, all state is timed-out a while after receiving the control message that instantiated it. To keep the state alive, all PIM Join messages are periodically retransmitted. Version 1 of PIM-SM was created in 1995, but was never standardized by the IETF. It is now considered obsolete, though it is still supported by Cisco and Juniper routers. Version 2 of PIM-SM was standardized in RFC 2117 (in 1997) and updated by RFC 2362 (in 1998). Version 2 is significantly different from and incompatible with version 1. However, there were a number of problems with RFC 2362, and a new specification of PIM-SM version 2 is currently being produced by the IETF. There have been many implementations of PIM-SM and it is widely used. PIM Dense Mode PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM) is a multicast routing protocol designed with the opposite assumption to PIM-SM, namely that the receivers for any multicast group are distributed densely throughout the network. That is, it is assumed that most (or at least many) subnets in the network will want any given multicast packet. Multicast data is initially sent to all hosts in the network. Routers that do not have any interested hosts then send PIM Prune messages to remove themselves from the tree. When a source first starts sending data, each router on the sources LAN receives the data and forwards it to all its PIM neighbors and to all links with directly attached receivers for the data. Each router that receives a forwarded packet also forwards it likewise, but only after checking that the packet arrived on its upstream interface. If not, the packet is dropped. This mechanism prevents forwarding loops from occurring. In this way, the data is flooded to all parts of the network. Some rout ers will have no need of the data, either for directly connected receivers or for other PIM neighbors. These routers respond to receipt of the data by sending a PIM Prune message upstream, which instantiates Prune state in the upstream router, causing it to stop forwarding the data to its downstream neighbor. In turn, this may cause the upstream router to have no need of the data, triggering it to send a Prune message to its upstream neighbor. This broadcast and prune behavior means that eventually the data is only sent to those parts of the network that require it. Eventually, the Prune state at each router wills time out, and data will begin to flow back into the parts of the network that were previously pruned. This will trigger further Prune messages to be sent, and the Prune state will be instantiated once more. PIM-DM only uses source-based trees. As a result, it does not use RPs, which makes it simpler than PIM-SM to implement and deploy. It is an efficient protocol whe n most receivers are interested in the multicast data, but does not scale well across larger domains in which most receivers are not interested in the data. The development of PIM-DM has paralleled that of PIM-SM. Version 1 was created in 1995, but was never standardized. It is now considered obsolete, though it is still supported by Cisco and Juniper routers. Version 2 of PIM-DM is currently being standardized by the IETF. As with PIM-SM, version 2 of PIM-DM is significantly different from and incompatible with version 1. PIM Dense Mode (PIM DM) is less common than PIM-SM, and is mostly used for individual small domains. The current version of the Internet Protocol IPv4 was first developed in the 1970s, and the main protocol standard RFC 791 that governs IPv4 functionality was published in 1981. With the unprecedented expansion of Internet usage in recent years especially by population dense countries like India and China. The impending shortage of address space (avail ability) was recognized by 1992 as a serious limiting factor to the continued usage of the Internet run on IPv4. The following table shows a statistic showing how quickly the address space has been getting consumed over the years after 1981, when IPv4 protocol was published With admirable foresight, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) initiated as early as in 1994, the design and development of a suite of protocols and standards now known as Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), as a worthy tool to phase out and supplant IPv4 over the coming years. There is an explosion of sorts in the number and range of IP capable devices that are being released in the market and the usage of these by an increasingly tech savvy global population. The new protocol aims to effectively support the ever-expanding Internet usage and functionality, and also address security concerns. IPv6 uses a128-bit address size compared with the 32-bit system used in IPv4 and will allow for as many as 3.41038 possible addresses, enough to cover every inhabitant on planet earth several times over. The 128-bit system also provides for multiple levels of hierarchy and flexibility in hierarchical addressing and routing, a feature that is found wanting on the IPv4-based Internet. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next-generation Internet Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4, the first implementation used in the Internet that is still in dominant use currently[update]. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol is the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 was defined in December 1998 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the publication of an Internet standard specification, RFC 2460. IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits. The new address space thus supports 2128 (a bout 3.4ÃÆ'ââ¬â1038) addresses. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion. IPv6 also implements new features that simplify aspects of address assignment (stateless address autoconfiguration) and network renumbering (prefix and router announcements) when changing Internet connectivity providers. The IPv6 subnet size has been standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic mechanism for forming the host identifier from Link Layer media addressing information (MAC address). Network security is integrated into the design of the IPv6 architecture. Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) was originally developed for IPv6, but found widespread optional deployment first in IPv4 (into which it was back-engineered). The IPv6 speci fications mandate IPSec implementation as a fundamental interoperability requirement. In December 2008, despite marking its 10th anniversary as a Standards Track protocol, IPv6 was only in its infancy in terms of general worldwide deployment. A 2008 study by Google Inc. indicated that penetration was still less than one percent of Internet-enabled hosts in any country. IPv6 has been implemented on all major operating systems in use in commercial, business, and home consumer environments. IPv6 header format The new IPv6 header is illustrated in figure, while the IPv4 header is shown in Figure 2 to facilitate comparison between the two protocols. The IPv6 header fields are as follows: Version (4 bit): Indicates the protocol version, and will thus contain the number 6. DS byte (8 bit): This field is used by the source and routers to identify the packets belonging to the same traffic class and thus distinguish between packets with different priorities. flow label (20 bit): Label for a data flow Payload length (16 bit): Indicates the length of the packet data field. Next header (8 bit) identifies the type of header immediately following the IPv6 header. Hop limit (8 bit): Decremented by one by each node that forwards the packet. When the hop limit field reaches zero, the packet is discarded. Source address (128 bit): The address of the originator of the packet. Destination address ( 128 bit) : The address of the intended recipient of the packet. Compared to IPv4, header format is simpler, which permits better performance. The decision to eliminate the checksum springs from the fact that it is already computed at layer 2, which is sufficient in view of the error rate of current networks. Better performance is thus achieved, as the routers no longer need to re-compute the checksum for each packet. On the debit side, eliminating the checksum means that there is no protection against the errors routers can make in processing packets. However, these errors are not dangerous for the network, as they cause only the packet itself to be lost if there are fields with invalid values (e.g., nonexistent addresses). The hop limit field indicates the maximum number of nodes (hops) that a packet can cross before reaching destination. In IPv4, this field is expressed in seconds (TTL: Time To Live), even though it has the same function. The change was made for two reasons. First, for the sake of simplicity: even in IPv4, in fact, the routers translate seconds into number of hops, which are then translated back into seconds. Second, the change ensures freedom from physical network characteristics such as bandwidth. As the hop limit field consists of 8 bits, the maximum number of nodes that a packet can cross is 255. The advantages IPv6 offers over IPv4:- Larger address space The most important feature of IPv6 is a much larger address space than that of IPv4: addresses in IPv6 are 128 bits long, compared to 32-bit addresses in IPv4. An illustration of an IP address (version 6), in hexadecimal and binary. The very large IPv6 address space supports a total of 2128 (about 3.4ÃÆ'ââ¬â1038) addressesà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬ or approximately 5ÃÆ'ââ¬â1028 (roughly 295) addresses for each of the roughly 6.5 billion (6.5ÃÆ'ââ¬â109) people alive in 2006. In another perspective, there is the same number of IP addresses per person as the number of atoms in a metric ton of carbon. The size of a subnet in IPv6 is 264 addresses (64-bit subnet mask), the square of the size of the entire IPv4 Internet. Thus, actual address space utilization rates will likely be small in IPv6, but network management and routing will be more efficient because of the inherent design decisions of large subnet space and hierarchical route aggregation. Stateless address auto configuration IPv6 hosts can configure themselves automatically when connected to a routed IPv6 network using ICMPv6 router discovery messages. When first connected to a network, a host sends a link-local multicast router solicitation request for its configuration parameters; if configured suitably, routers respond to such a request with a router advertisement packet that contains network-layer configuration parameters. Multicast Multicast, the ability to send a single packet to multiple destinations, is part of the base specification in IPv6. This is unlike IPv4, where it is optional (although usually implemented). IPv6 does not implement broadcast, which is the ability to send a packet to all hosts on the attached link. The same effect can be achieved by sending a packet to the link-local all hosts multicast group. It therefore lacks the notion of a broadcast addressà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬ the highest address in a subnet (the broadcast address for that subnet in IPv4) is considered a normal address in IPv6. Mandatory network layer security Internet Protocol Security (IPsec), the protocol for IP encryption and authentication, forms an integral part of the base protocol suite in IPv6. IPsec support is mandatory in IPv6; this is unlike IPv4, where it is optional (but usually implemented). IPsec, however, is not widely used at present except for securing traffic between IPv6 Border Gateway Protocol routers. Simplified processing by routers A number of simplifications have been made to the packet header, and the process of packet forwarding has been simplified, in order to make packet processing by routers simpler and hence more efficient. Concretely, The packet header in IPv6 is simpler than that used in IPv4, with many rarely used fields moved to separate options; in effect, although the addresses in IPv6 are four times larger, the (option-less) IPv6 header is only twice the size of the (option-less) IPv4 header. IPv6 routers do not perform fragmentation. IPv6 hosts are required to either perform PMTU discovery, perform end-to-end fragmentation, or to send packets smaller than the IPv6 minimum MTU size of 1280 octets. The Time-to-Live field of IPv4 has been renamed to Hop Limit, reflecting the fact that routers are no longer expected to compute the time a packet has spent in a queue. Mobility Unlike mobile IPv4, Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) avoids triangular routing and is therefore as efficient as normal IPv6. IPv6 routers may also support Network Mobility (NEMO) [RFC 3963] which allows entire subnets to move to a new router connection point without renumbering. However, since neither MIPv6 nor MIPv4 or NEMO are widely deployed today, this advantage is mostly theoretical. Options extensibility IPv4 has a fixed size (40 octets) of option parameters. In IPv6, options are implemented as additional extension headers after the IPv6 header, which limits their size only by the size of an entire packet. The extension header mechanism allows IPv6 to be easily extended to support future services for QoS, security, mobility, etc. without a redesign of the basic protocol. Jumbograms IPv4 limits packets to 65535 (216 1) octets of payload. IPv6 has optional support for packets over this limit, referred to as jumbograms, which can be as large as 4294967295 (232 1) octets. The use of jumbograms may improve performance over high-MTU links. The use of jumbograms is indicated by the Jumbo Payload Option header. TASK 5 An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device (or application) that monitors network and/or system activities for malicious activities or policy violations. Intrusion detection is the process of monitoring the events occurring in a computer system or network and analyzing them for signs of possible incidents, which are violations or imminent threats of violation of computer security policies, acceptable use policies, or standard security practices.[1] Intrusion prevention is the process of performing intrusion detection and attempting to stop detected possible incidents.[1] Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) are primarily focused on identifying possible incidents, logging information about them, attempting to stop them, and reporting them to security administrators.[1] In addition, organizations use IDPSs for other purposes, such as identifying problems with security policies, documenting existing threats, and deterring individuals from violating security polici es.[1] IDPSs have become a necessary addition to the security infrastructure of nearly every organization. IDSes are classified in many different ways, including active and passive, network-based and host-based, and knowledge-based and behavior-based: Active and passive IDS An active IDS (now more commonly known as an intrusion prevention system à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã¢â¬ IPS) is a system thats configured to automatically block suspected attacks in progress without any intervention required by an operator. IPS has the advantage of providing real-time corrective action in response to an attack but has many disadvantages as well. An IPS must be placed in-line along a network boundary; thus, the IPS itself is susceptible to attack. Also, if false alarms and legitimate traffic havent been properly identified and filtered, authorized users and applications may be improperly denied access. Finally, the IPS itself may be used to effect a Denial of Service (DoS) attack by intentionally flooding the system with alarms that cause it to block connections until no connections or bandwidth are available. Intrusion prevention systems evolved in the late 1990s to resolve ambiguities in passive network monitoring by placing detection systems in-line. Early IPS were IDS th at were able to implement prevention commands to firewalls and access control changes to routers. This technique fell short operationally for it created a race condition between the IDS and the exploit as it passed through the control mechanism. Inline IPS can be seen as an improvement upon firewall technologies, IPS can make access control decisions based on application content, rather than IP address or ports as traditional firewalls had done. However, in order to improve performance and accuracy of classification mapping, most IPS use destination port in their signature format. As intrusion prevention systems were originally a literal extension of intrusion detection systems, they continue to be related. Intrusion prevention systems may also serve secondarily at the host level to deny potentially malicious activity. There are advantages and disadvantages to host-based IPS compared with network-based IPS. In many cases, the technologies are thought to be complementary. An In trusion Prevention system must also be a very good Intrusion Detection system to enable a low rate of false positives. Some IPS systems can also prevent yet to be discovered attacks, such as those caused by a buffer overflow. A passive IDS is a system thats configured only to monitor and analyze network traffic activity and alert an operator to potential vulnerabilities and attacks. It isnt capable of performing any protective or corrective functions on its own. The major advantages of passive IDSes are that these systems can be easily and rapidly deployed and are not normally susceptible to attack themselves. Network-based and host-based IDS A Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) is an intrusion detection system that tries to detect malicious activity such as denial of service attacks, port scans or even attempts to crack into computers by monitoring network traffic. A NIDS reads all the incoming packets and tries to find suspicious patterns known as signatures or rules. If, for example, a large number of TCP connection requests to a very large number of different ports are observed, one could assume that there is someone conducting a port scan of some or all of the computer(s) in the network. It also (mostly) tries to detect incoming shellcodes in the same manner that an ordinary intrusion detection system does. A NIDS is not limited to inspecting incoming network traffic only. Often valuable information about an ongoing intrusion can be learned from outgoing or local traffic as well. Some attacks might even be staged from the inside of the monitored network or network segment, and are therefore not regarde d as incoming traffic at all. A network-based IDS usually consists of a network appliance (or sensor) with a Network Interface Card (NIC) operating in promiscuous mode and a separate management interface. The IDS is placed along a network segment or boundary and monitors all traffic on that segment. A host-based IDS requires small programs (or agents) to be installed on individual systems to be monitored. The agents monitor the operating system and write data to log files and/or trigger alarms. A host-based IDS can only monitor the individual host systems on which the agents are installed; it doesnt monitor the entire network. A host-based IDS monitors all or parts of the dynamic behaviour and the state of a computer system. Much as a NIDS will dynamically inspect network packets, a HIDS might detect which program accesses what resources and discover that, for example, a word-processor has suddenly and inexplicably started modifying the system password database. Similarly a HIDS might look at the state of a system, its stored information, whether in RAM, in the file system, log files or elsewhere; and check that the contents of these appear as expected. One can think of a HIDS as an agent that monitors whether anything or anyone, whether internal or external, has circumvented the systems security policy. Monitoring dynamic behavior Many computer users have encountered tools that monitor dynamic system behaviour in the form of anti-virus (AV) packages. While AV programs often also monitor system state, they do spend a lot of their time looking at who is doing what inside a computer and whether a given program should or should not have access to particular system resources. The lines become very blurred here, as many of the tools overlap in functionality. Monitoring state The principle operation of a HIDS depends on the fact that successful intruders (crackers) will generally leave a trace of their activities. (In fact, such intruders often want to own the computer they have attacked, and will establish their ownership by installing software that will grant the intruders future access to carry out whatever activity (keystroke logging, identity theft, spamming, botnet activity, spyware-usage etc.) they envisage. In theory, a computer user has the ability to detect any such modifications, and the HIDS attempts to do just that and reports its findings. Ideally a HIDS works in conjunction with a NIDS, such that a HIDS finds anything that slips past the NIDS. Ironically, most successful intruders, on entering a target machine, immediately apply best-practice security techniques to secure the system which they have infiltrated, leaving only their own backdoor open, so that other intruders can not take over their computers. Knowledge-based and behavior-based IDS A knowledge-based (or signature-based) IDS references a database of previous attack profiles and known system vulnerabilities to identify active intrusion attempts. Knowledge-based IDS is currently more common than behavior-based IDS. Advantages of knowledge-based systems include the following: It has lower false alarm rates than behavior-based IDS. Alarms are more standardized and more easily understood than behavior-based IDS. Disadvantages of knowledge-based systems include these: Signature database must be continually updated and maintained. New, unique, or original attacks may not be detected or may be improperly classified. A behavior-based (or statistical anomaly-based) IDS references a baseline or learned pattern of normal system activity to identify active intrusion attempts. Deviations from this baseline or pattern cause an alarm to be triggered. Advantages of behavior-based systems include that they Dynamically adapt to new, unique, or original attacks. Are less dependent on identifying specific operating system vulnerabilities. Disadvantages of behavior-based systems include Higher false alarm rates than knowledge-based IDSes. Usage patterns that may change often and may not be static enough to implement effective behavior-based IDS. BENEFITS OF AN IDS In todays corporate market, the majority of businesses consider the Internet as a major tool for communication with their customers, business partners and the corporate community. This mentality is here to stay; as a result businesses need to consider the risks associated with using the Internet as communication tool, and the methods available to them to mitigate these risks. Many businesses are already aware of the types of risks that they are facing, and have implemented measures such as Firewalls, Virus detection software, access control mechanisms etc. However it is all too apparent that although these measures may deter the hobby hacker, the real danger and threat comes from the determined hacker. The determined hacker is just that determined and they will find a way of penetrating your system, sometimes for malicious intent but mostly because they can and it is a test of skills. Whilst the above mentioned tools are preventative measures, an IDS is more of an analysis tool, th at will give you the following information: Instance of attack Method of attack Source of attack Signature of attack This type of information is becoming increasingly important when trying to design and implement the right security programmed for an organization. Although some of this information can be found in devices such as Firewalls and access control systems as they all contain log information on system activity In these instances the onus is on the administrator to check the logs to determine if an attempted attack has occurred or after the event find out when the attack occurred and the source of the attack. Usually information pertaining to the method of the attack and the signature of the attack cannot be found in the logs. This is because devices such as Firewalls are designed to check the IP packet header information and not the payload portion of the IP packet. An IDS will check the payload of the packet to determine if the pattern of data held within, matches that of a known attack signature. The benefits of the above information are as follows: Instance of attack: An IDS will al ert when an attack is in progress, this gives you the benefit of counteracting the attack as it happens, without having to go through lengthy logs to find out when this particular attack occurred. Method of attack: An IDS will let you know what area of your network or system on your network is under attack and how it is being attacked. This enables you to react accordingly and hopefully limit the damage of the attack by i.e. disabling communications to these systems. Source of attack: An IDS will let you know the source of an attack, it is then down to the administrator to determine if it is a legitimate source. By determining the legitimacy of the source the administrator is able to determine if he/she can disable communications from this source. Signature of attack: An IDS will identify the nature of the attack, and the pattern of the attack and alert accordingly. This information alerts the organization to the types of vulnerabilities that they are susceptible to and per mits them to take precautions accordingly. The above information allows an organisation to: Build a vulnerability profile of their network and the required precautions Plan its corporate defence strategy Budget for security expenditure. LIMITATIONS OF IDS Network intrusion detection systems are unreliable enough that they should be considered only as secondary systems designed to backup the primary security systems. Primary systems such as firewalls, encryption, and authentication are rock solid. Bugs or misconfiguration often lead to problems in these systems, but the underlying concepts are provably accurate. The underlying concepts behind NIDS are not absolutely accurate. Intrusion detection systems suffer from the two problems whereby normal traffic causes many false positives (cry wolf), and careful hackers can evade or disable the intrusion detection systems. Indeed, there are many proofs that show how network intrusion detection systems will never be accurate. Switched network (inherent limitation) Switched networks poses dramatic problems to network intrusion detection systems. There is no easy place to plug in a sensor in order to see all the traffic. For example, somebody on the same switched fabric as the CEO has free reign to attack the CEOs machine all day long, such as with a password grinder targetting the File and Print sharing. There are some solutions to this problem, but not all of them are satisfactory. Resource limitations Network intrusion detection systems sit at centralized locations on the network. They must be able to keep up with, analyze, and store information generated by potentially thousands of machines. It must emulate the combined entity of all the machines sending traffic through its segment. Obviously, it cannot do this fully, and must take short cuts. Network traffic loads Current NIDS have trouble keeping up with fully loaded segments. The average website has a frame size of around 180-bytes, which translates to about 50,000 packets/second on a 100-mbps Ethernet. Most IDS units cannot keep up with this speed. Most customers have less than this, but it can still occasionally be a concern. TCP connections IDS must maintain connection state for a large number of TCP connections. This requires extensive amount of memory. The problem is exacerbated by evasion techniques, often requiring the IDS to maintain connection information even after the client/server have closed it. Reasons to Acquire IDSs Intrusion detection capabilities are rapidly becoming necessary additions to every large organizations security infrastructure. The question for security professionals should not be whether to use intrusion detection, but which features and capabilities to use. However, one must still justify the purchase of an IDS. There are at least three good reasons to justify the acquisition of IDSs: to detect attacks and other security violations that cannot be prevented, to prevent attackers from probing a network, and to document the intrusion threat to an organization. Detecting attacks that cannot be prevented Attackers, using well-known techniques, can penetrate many networks. This often happens when known vulnerabilities in the network cannot be fixed. For instance, in many legacy systems, the operating systems cannot be updated. In updateable systems, administrators may not have or take the time to install all the necessary patches in a large number of hosts. In addition, it is usually not possible to perfectly map an organizations computer use policy to its access control mechanisms and thus authorized users often can perform unauthorized actions. Users may also demand network services and protocols that are known to be flawed and subject to attack. Although, ideally, we would fix all vulnerabilities, this is seldom possible. Therefore, an excellent approach for protecting a network may be to use an IDS to detect when an attacker has penetrated a system using an uncorrectable flaw. It is better at least to know that a system has been penetrated so that administrators can perform dama ge control and recovery than not to know that the system has been penetrated. Preventing attackers from probing a network A computer or network without an IDS may allow attackers to leisurely and without retribution explore its weaknesses. If a single, known vulnerability exists in such a network, a determined attacker will eventually find and exploit it. The same network with an IDS installed is a much more formidable challenge to an attacker. Although the attacker may continue to probe the network for weaknesses, the IDS should detect these attempts, may block these attempts, and can alert security personnel who can take appropriate action. Documenting the threat It is important to verify that a network is under attack or likely to be attacked to justify spending money for securing the network. Furthermore, it is important to understand the frequency and characteristics of attacks in order to understand what security measures are appropriate for the network. IDSs can itemize, characterize, and verify the threat from both outside and inside attacks, thereby providing a sound foundation for computer security expenditures. Using IDSs in this manner is important, since many people mistakenly believe that no one (outsiders or insiders) would be interested in breaking into their networks. DISADVANTAGE: Implementations of IDS vary based on the security needs of the network or host it is being implemented on. As we have seen, there isnt a universal implementation of an IDS model that can provide the best intrusion detection monitoring in all environments. Complex architectures require complex IDS implementations which will also require a high degree in IDS expertise to deploy and maintain. However, even with the highest level of IDS expertise, intrusions cannot be fully shut out. The IDS techniques themselves do not offer a foolproof system to detect ALL the intrusions an attack can consist of. The information below details some of these shortcomings. Anomaly Detection Disadvantages Since anomaly detection operates by defining a normal model of system or network behavior, it usually suffers from a large number of false alarms due to the unpredictable behaviors of users and networks. These behaviors may not have malicious intent. In fact, an anomaly-based IDS that has a detection rate of 20 false alarms to 1 real intrusion detection is considered good. This is due to the fact that normal system and network activity is, for the most part, very dynamic and very difficult to capture and predict. Anomaly detection approaches often require extensive training sets of network or system event records in order to characterize normal behavior patterns. These training sets can consist of various logs that capture the normal usage of the subject or object being monitored. Once the training sets are defined, they need to be fed into the anomaly detection engine to create a model of the normal system usage. Misuse Detection Disadvantages Since misuse detection operates by comparing known intrusive signatures against the observed log, misuse detectors suffer from the limitation of only being able to detect attacks that are known. Therefore, they must be constantly be updated with attack signatures that represent newly discovered attacks or modified existing attacks. Vulnerable to evasion. Once a security hole has been discovered and a signature has been written to capture it, several other iterations of copycat exploitations usually surface to take advantage of the same security hole. Since the attack method is a variant of the original attack method, it usually goes undetected by the original vulnerability signature, requiring the constant rewrite of signatures. Many misuse detectors are designed to use tightly defined signatures that prevent them from detecting variants of common attacks. Host-Based IDS Disadvantages The implementation of HIDS can get very complex in large networking environments. With several thousand possible endpoints in a large network, collecting and auditing the generated log files from each node can be a daunting task. If the IDS system is compromised, the host may cease to function resulting in a stop on all logging activity. Secondly, if the IDS system is compromised and the logging still continues to function, the trust of such log data is severely diminished. Network-Based IDS Disadvantages Network-based intrusion detection seems to offer the most detection coverage while minimizing the IDS deployment and maintenance overhead. However, the main problem with implementing a NIDS with the techniques described in the previous sections is the high rate of false alarms. Modern day enterprise network environments amplify this disadvantage due to the massive amounts of dynamic and diverse data that needs to be analyzed. All the previously defined IDS techniques have their share of disadvantages. There just isnt a single IDS model that offers 100% intrusion detection with a 0% false alarm rate that can be applied in todays complex networking environment. However, incorporating multiple IDS techniques can, to a certain extent, minimize many of the disadvantages illustrated in the previous section. mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-83335022721145611442020-05-21T09:36:00.001-07:002020-05-21T09:36:07.068-07:00Vaccines And The Health Of The Public - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 798 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example? Vaccines have been used all across America since the formation of the U.S. Vaccine Agency in 1812. Unlike medicines, vaccinations are used as an attempt to prevent health problems rather than treat or cure them. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vaccines And The Health Of The Public" essay for you Create order Because of their influence, many deadly diseases today are not as widespread. When a child is injected with a vaccine, they are actually being injected with a very weak version of a disease. This allows their immune system to become stronger against it as the child gets older, fighting against stronger versions of the virus in order to prevent being affected by them. However, some people still choose to not get vaccinated. This can potentially be harmful to those that have had their shots, due to the unvaccinated child or adult increasing the risk of disease. It is because of this great risk that vaccinations should be mandatory, in order to protect the general public. Despite knowing that vaccines do not always work 100% already, anti-vaxxers argue that they do not work at all. This is untrue, and had been proven wrong many times. One source says that, [] in the 2007 Journal of the American Medical Association, [a study] concluded that [vaccines] have dramatically lowered the incidence of many severe illnesses []. Rubella [] infected roughly 48,000 people a year in the mid-20th century; today, that number is less than two dozen (Mandatory Vaccination). Other infections and viruses have almost been completely eliminated. While the fact that vaccines are not 100% effective still stands, it does not mean that they do not offer any protection at all. Some people can not be vaccinated due to health issues, so they rely on others to be vaccinated in order to kill off diseases. This is known as herd immunity. If someone is not vaccinated and does not have a health issue that will go against it, they contribute against the percentage. They have a chance o f causing an outbreak of viruses. Not only should children be vaccinated, but adults should visit with their doctors regularly to see if they should be vaccinated as well. Each year, around 40,000 Americans die of diseases that could have been prevented by routine vaccine checkups (Missed shots: adult vaccines). Many adults are uninformed about getting vaccinations. The main cause of this is that people are more focused on only child vaccinations, rather than getting all people vaccinated. Not only is this a problem in America, but in other countries as well. One multi-country survey found that 60% of adults say they have not received government-provided information on the importance of adult vaccinations (Survey finds). A doctor named Harold C. Neu explains how easy it is to get deadly diseases without vaccines (Barnhill). For example, a person could get tetanus from just cutting themselves with rusty metal. The risk of this is greatly decreased with vaccines: statistics from Centers for Disease Control and Preventi on show that a little less than half of Americans aged 60 and older do not even have the antibodies to defend against tetanus without vaccination (Frick). The laws in the U.S. have also contributed in endangering the public from these diseases. Today, all 50 U.S. states have laws requiring parents to get their children vaccinated. However, there are exemptions to these laws. As of 2016, 47 out of 50 states have religious exemptions to these laws and 17 have philosophical exemptions (Vaccination Rumors). Essentially, the country has people that are not being vaccinated due to non-medical reasons. In some states, all that a child needs to be exempted from these vaccinations is a parents signature (Mandatory Vaccination). One persons choice should not be able to affect the lives of many others. There are many arguments that people against mandatory vaccines have. Some people believe that vaccines can be harmful, due to a study from The Lancet in 1998 that claimed that vaccinations may cause autism and other mental or physical problems (Mandatory Vaccination). Despite this being dubbed as a discredited source, some parents still do not vaccinate their children out of fear, thus increasing the risk of easily preventable diseases to affect their children. Other people believe that simply eating more healthily can make up for not getting vaccinations. While eating healthy is good, it can not prevent bacteria from entering your body or defend against them. Many of these arguments have a huge lack of evidence to defend them. In conclusion, vaccines are not meant to harm people, but rather protect them. Misinformation is what affects the publics opinion so strongly, not science. Without vaccinations, we would not have nearly eradicated diseases like polio and diphtheria. State governments are here to serve the people, and they can not do that without protecting them. By making vaccines mandatory for all people, without health issues, they would be able to prevent deadly diseases from killing large populations of citizens. mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-15563963716642420672020-05-19T05:45:00.001-07:002020-05-19T05:45:04.086-07:00Substance Abuse And Hiv / Aids - 2383 Words Substance Abuse and Its Correlations to HIV/AIDS Substance abuse and HIV/AIDS have been intertwined for more than two decades. It affects many people from different stages of life who abuse drugs and that has caused HIV/AIDS and other related diseases to be transmitted due to unsafe methods. In America, the misuse and addictions of drugs in our society is such a common scene that people turn a blind eye to the victims it affects. The rate of drug use in the U.S. has remaining extremely high over the years. There is a great war on drugs that seems to show little progress at times and itââ¬â¢s very concerning to the state of the country because the damages drugs can cause. Methods of Taking Drugs into the Body The way drugs enters the body strongly influences how it is impacted. When a drug is taken through indigestion, the effects are slower to affect the userââ¬â¢s body because it has to be broken down in the stomach. Inhaling and injecting are more dangerous ways of putting drugs inside the body, they both have easier access to the brain through the respiratory pipes and veins throughout the body. For drug users, this is very dangerous because they seldom use proper, safe tools to get the drugs in their bodies. Also when a person is under the influence, the ability to practice safe sex is impaired and they make the wrong judgments and because of this, diseases and viruses are passed through the smallest of transfusions. 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As a recovering addict I know firsthand how my addiction affected my family. Addiction to alcohol or drugs is a disease; it affects everyone in the family, not just the substance abuser. Effects may vary depending on family structure, manifesting differently in individual family members; According to the mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-6812905630584820472020-05-06T23:08:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:08:36.845-07:00The Great Leaders Of The Civil Rights Movement - 1563 Words Throughout history, people have made sacrifices, changes, and big decisions that later sometimes result in something grand. These grand occurrences can either be good or bad. Usually as time goes on these events and most well-known people of this time are highlighted in history classes for students to learn and to honor those of that time. However, some of the smaller people that contributed to historical events arenââ¬â¢t as highlighted as those that were seen as the big leaders. For example, in the American Revolution, the people that usually come to mind are George Washington, Paul Revere, and Thomas Jefferson. What about the people who were injured, scared and killed because of this bloody war? They seem to be forgotten until they are highlighted once again. Another example of a person that was not really highlighted for their actions is Nina Simone. She made an impact on the Civil Right Movement that not many other artist or celebrity would have done. When you think o f the Civil Rights Movement the first three that come to mind of course are, Martin Luther King Jr., Malcom X, and Rosa Parks. So, when someone hears the name Nina Simone the two most common responses might be ââ¬Å"Whoââ¬â¢s that?â⬠or ââ¬Å"Oh the singer?â⬠. But what is forgotten is how she, at such a high level, put her reputation at a risk. 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The Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960ââ¬â¢s was one of the most significant and important for the equality of all people. Because of the abolition of slavery in 1863, many continuous conflict between races of people that live in the United States, rights were violated mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-82183293310634962202020-05-06T21:43:00.001-07:002020-05-06T21:43:33.274-07:00Relationships in Mississippi Masala and Persuasion Essay... Relationships in Mississippi Masala and Persuasion Although they occur in extremely different times, I think that there are parallels between the relationships of Mina and Demetrius in Mississippi Masala and Anne and Captain Wentworth in Persuasion. In both mediums, the women are torn between their families and their relationships with their lovers. In Mississippi the prejudices that Minas family has areâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Their romance induces a confrontation between the two ethnic groups. I would like to point out that Demetrius has never set foot in Africa, he was born in the United States and that Mina and her family are themselves Af ricans. This does not matter the members of the community or Jay. Jays racism blinds him to the fact that he survived only thanks to his black African childhood friend, Okelo, who bailed him out of jail in Uganda. From the standpoint of Demetrius and Minas families, they probably do think of it as a black and white issue. Not black and white in a sense of racial color, but in a sense of being opposite. Demetrius argues with Jay about this point exactly saying, Your skin is just a few shades lighter than mine. There are even examplse given in the movie of a dark and light issue within their own races. When talking about Mina, one woman at the Indian wedding says, You can be dark and rich, or you can fair and poor, but you cant be dark and poor and expect to get a guy like Raju. She is referring to Minas light skin and lack of money. Raju is wealthy Indian man who is looking for a bride and is interested in Mina. Also, a barber explains to Demetrius that blacks can not stand to see other blacks do well inShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words à |à 1186 Pageseffort: What is the strategic role of projects in contemporary organizations? How are projects prioritized? What organizational and ma nagerial styles will improve chances of project success? How do project managers orchestrate the complex network of relationships involving vendors, subcontractors, project team members, senior management, functional managers, and customers that affect project success? What factors contribute to the development of a high-performance project team? What project management system mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-18196056993714665612020-05-06T07:31:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:31:52.698-07:00What You Have Learned About Why We Assess Young Children Free Essays Consider what you have learned about why we assess young children. Based on pages 31ââ¬â33 ofà Assessing and Guiding Young Childrenââ¬â¢s Development and Learningà and the video segment ââ¬Å"Overview of Assessmentâ⬠,â⬠briefly explain the importance of developmentally appropriate assessments. ANS: There are different importance of developmentally appropriate assessments that I learned from our text. We will write a custom essay sample on What You Have Learned About Why We Assess Young Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a teachers we can not assume every age are the same or makes an assumption about their development and learn style. It is very important to identify which area each child need special help and set a goal on how we can help them out. Assessment help teachers to set a goal for each child in their care. Assessment information can used as communication log in a meeting with other staffs or with parent in a conference. Policymakers, the early childhood profession, and other stakeholders in young childrenââ¬â¢s lives have many shared responsibilities regarding effective assessment (NAEYC NAEC/SDE, 2003, p. 4). Using the information presented on pages 3ââ¬â6 of Assessing and Guiding Young Childrenââ¬â¢s Development and Learning, explain the responsibilities of each of these groups in ensuring effective assessment. ANS: As a professional child care our responsibilities to ensure an effective assessment is to identify the make issue that we are trying to help each child on. Set a goal and programs that can help to improve their literacy and development. After the assessment teachers should use the appropriate assessment methods on each child. Share their results with the children, their parent and others staffs. Also as the text stated ââ¬Å" developing valid pupil grading procedures which use pupil assessment. Parent,policy makers and the general public; with the accountability are expected to report their procedures and they are sensitive to children progress make sure children do well on their accountability tests. The test to this result are available to everyone from teachers, parent to general public. Professionals must have detail information to present to other for children with special needs. Teachers must be sensitive to children from different culture because their ways are different from United States systems. Most children are going to have their first experience in speaking English in their classroom among their peers and their caregiver. Assessment must be done in the right way to achieve the right goal for each child in our care. Each child approaches, interacts, and processes their world in unique ways. Effective assessment takes this uniqueness into account through sensitivity to individual abilities and linguistic, social, and cultural differences. Review pages 18ââ¬â23 ofà Assessing and Guiding Young Childrenââ¬â¢s Development and Learning, and explain, using examples, why sensitivity to each of these factors is such an important component of effective assessment. Then, summarize the role fair and impartial assessment plays in achieving this sensitivity. ANS: The reason why each of these factors on assess all children fairly is because children with disabilities are special in their own ways. Even though they may not fit in the category of their peers but they are still required to be challenges and have the right activities put in place for them. Other other hand many children here in United States are from diverse homes. And as a teacher we must be sensitive to children culture and their belief and value. Children that comes from different background from us may speak different from us and act in a different way, but we should judge them and understand everyone act and do things differently. Because culture influence the way children thinks, the way they interact with people around them. Example: in Nigeria we are taught to always response to people that are older than us as ââ¬Å"yes, maââ¬â¢amâ⬠to never ague with adult is a way to show respect. Assessment information help teachers to identify which areas children needs help and it can be used as communication tools among staffs or other professional child care. However right assessment method must be use on each child to achieve the right information that I needed for each child. Reference Assessing and Guiding Young Childrenââ¬â¢s Development and Learning How to cite What You Have Learned About Why We Assess Young Children, Essay examples mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-12952871755243088322020-05-06T05:53:00.001-07:002020-05-06T05:53:18.633-07:00Oratorical piece free essay sample Game theory is the science of strategy. It attempts to determine mathematically and logically the actions that ââ¬Å"playersâ⬠should take to secure the best outcomes for themselves in a wide array of ââ¬Å"games. â⬠The games it studies range from chess to child rearing and from tennis to takeovers. But the games all share the common feature of interdependence. That is, the outcome for each participant depends on the choices (strategies) of all. In so-called zero-sum games the interests of the players conflict totally, so that one personââ¬â¢s gain always is anotherââ¬â¢s loss. More typical are games with the potential for either mutual gain (positive sum) or mutual harm (negative sum), as well as some conflict. Game theory was pioneered by Princeton mathematician john von neumann. In the early years the emphasis was on games of pure conflict (zero-sum games). Other games were considered in a cooperative form. That is, the participants were supposed to choose and implement their actions jointly. Our senses have brought us to global climate change that emerged as the greatest threat facing humankind today. Climate change affects almost all ecosystems, society and economy.. We are now facing its serious impacts such as extreme weather events, floods, erratic rainfall and sea-level rise, which leads to food shortages, infrastructure damage and the degradation of natural resources. Hence, development gains achieved globally are under threat. The issue on climate change is now widely recognized as one of the major challenges for mankind in the 21st century, not only because it may ultimately affect many areas of our environment, nature and human activity, but its mitigation may have far reaching consequences to almost all sectors of the economy. Scientific advised has in the past years changed our perception of what is possible with the ambitious healthy environment. Environmental issues are a luxury extraneous to economic survival. Indeed, protecting and restoring forest ecosystems and arresting global warming are matters between life and death. In this respect, it is vital to adapt its impacts through global action. Desiring a novel spirit of trust, each country needs to commit to the most ambitious targets and measures that are technologically and economically feasible and Philippines is not an excuse. What is the challenge for us students? By gaining word mastery and by using it correctly, we can communicate our feelings and thoughts; we could spell the difference between success and failure because words lead to knowledge and power. Learning English as our second language could give us an edge to be heard in our own little ways as students. It could be the magic key in joining inter-school public speaking discourse such as oratorical contest, extemporaneous speaking, elocution and debate contests, where the theme is the nurturance of the environment. We may participate in an essay and poem writing contests on environmental issues or express our opinions and viewpoints on environmental concerns to any local, national or international publication. We may as well post or comment a blog in the internet on the care of mother earth. We could also respond to internet surfing and be a cybrarian by joining the many on-line activities, or by creating a web using English language as our means of communication and environmental nurturance as our goal. Ladies and gentlemen, these are just few of the many ways on how we can help our environment. We may be young but our voices are strong and loud enough to help bring awareness to the people in our community, to become socially and globally responsible on environmental issues. Speak. Act. Move. Write. And become more truly a part of the humanity! mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-11815655924116159232020-04-24T00:27:00.001-07:002020-04-24T00:27:03.800-07:00Organ Trafficking Position Paper (Russia) Essay Sample free essay sample Russia is a state in Northern Eurasia. bordered by the Arctic Ocean. and legion states such as China. Mongolia. and Georgia. The entire country of Russia is 17. 098. 242 square kilometres ( CIA. gov ) . doing it the largest state in the universe. The terrain of the state is ââ¬Å"broad field with low hills west of Ural mountainss ; vast cone-bearing forest and tundra in Siberia ; highlands and mountains along southern boundary line regionsâ⬠( CIA. gov ) with a clime that ranges from humid and warm topographic points to highly cold parts changing on its location. Russia is a federation state. presently under the government of President Vladimir Putin since May 7th of 2012. and the presidentââ¬â¢s term in office is six old ages. Russia has a population of about 142. 517. 670 ( July 2012 est. . CIA. gov ) and the bulk of the population is Russian ( 79. 8 % ) with some Tatar ( 3. 8 % ) and Ukrainian ( 2 % ) . The GDP per capita is $ 17. 000 ( 2011 est. . CIA. gov ) which is ran ked 71st and the GDP per capita shows about $ 800 addition every twelvemonth since 2009 ( CIA. We will write a custom essay sample on Organ Trafficking Position Paper (Russia) Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page gov ) . Russia belongs to the Group of Eight alleged. G-8 and the Group of Twenty besides known as G-20. The literacy rate of the Russian Federation is 99 % . and the most widely used linguistic communication in Russian ( 81 % ) . but some people populating in distant parts of Russia speaks autochthonal linguistic communications such as Bashkir ( 1. 3 % ) and Chuvash ( 1. 3 % ) . Subject: Organ TrafficingAlong with the dramatic advancement in human organ organ transplant. fleet globalisation has caused the creative activity of a new menacing market for illegal trafficking of human variety meats. Most of these variety meats that are traded in this black-market are purchased from givers of developing states who try to unclutter their debt with the money they received for their variety meats. The clients of the variety meats normally come from developed states because the procedure of organ organ transplant is time-consuming and expensive in their place states. Of the about 66. 000 kidney grafts ( 2008 ) performed every twelvemonth. more than 60 % of the variety meats are from unrecorded givers who were non related to the patients. The delegate of Russia believes that this figure will quickly increase sing the fact that the demands for fresh variety meats are lifting at an dismaying degree. Although the Russian Federation has no grounds that organ trafficking is being conducted in Russia. since there has been about 700. 000 ( BBC ) of Russian citizens trafficked to neighbouring states. the delegate of Russia believes that there is a high possibility that Russian citizens are being victims of organ trade outside the state. Furthermore. Russia is concerned that the human trafficking reported within the boundary line will increase in the close hereafter due to the geographical location of Russia. which is surrounded by states involved profoundly in organ trafficking such as Serbia. Ukraine. Georgia. and Belarus. In add-on. due to the fact that the mean GDP growing of the states surrounding Russia is -0. 8 % per twelvemonth. ( Wolfram|Alpha. 2010 ) the delegate of Russia predicts that the offense rate around the boundary lines of the Russian Federation will increase due to miss of occupations in states surrounding Russia. ensuing in more felons trying to nobble Russian citi zens. In order to forestall the menace of organ trafficking of Russian citizens in the boundary lines. the Russian Federation is helping states such as Serbia and Kosovo in tracking down organ trade agents. Besides. the Russian Federation has been an active member province of the World Health Organization and has supported assorted declarations. including ââ¬Å"Human Organ and Tissue Transplantationâ⬠( WHA 57. 18 ) of May 2004 and ââ¬Å"WHO Guiding Principles on Human Cell. Tissue. and Organ Transplantationâ⬠of May 2008. The Russian Federation has already made a statute law that requires populating givers to be over 18 and genetically related to the receiving system ( 1992 ) . Because of this statute law. paid contribution utilizing Russian givers can merely go on outside Russian boundary lines. The Russian Federation is eager to go on taking portion in farther conferences and treatments. The delegate of Russia believes even though some states like Russia are seeking to acquire rid of organ trafficking. without the sturdy attempt of the other developed states to censor importing trafficked variety meats within their ain states. it will be impossible to stop this unfairness. Developed states must form a system that would promote an addition in legal organ givers. such as the opt-out system which has been successfully introduced in several states. or reconsider and deregulate the present system on the footing of WHO guidelines. At the same clip. Torahs must be organized to penalize illegal trafficking groups in order to protect hapless ââ¬Ëdonorsââ¬â¢ from being lured into the organ trade. The delegate of Russia strongly believes that developed states must set attempt in undertaking organ trafficking by back uping organ-exporting authoritiess by assisting them halt this illicit trade. and by reenforcing Torahs and amendments against importation of trafficked variety meats. Furthermore. corruptness of medical staff. constabulary. and authorities functionaries of organ-exporting states must be avoided and foreign assistance must be used efficaciously to better the lives of citizens. Russia is dying to convey an terminal to the illicit organ trade web that threatens 1000000s of lives and is confident in going a successful function theoretical account for other developed states in back uping developing states be free of organ trafficking. The delegate of Russia believes that cooperation between developed and developing states is compulsory to work out this complex job. The Russian Federation is looking frontward to a fruitful argument in the conference and hopes that this unfairness will be solved in a mode that will profit all. Bibliography ââ¬Å"World Health Assembly Resolution WHA57. 18. â⬠World Health Assembly. WHO. 28 May 2003. Web. 3 Sept. 2012. lt ; World Wide Web. who. int/transplantation/wha/en/ gt ; . ââ¬Å"ABO Incompatibility in Transplants ââ¬â Cedars-Sinai. â⬠Cedars-Sinai ââ¬â ANon-Profit Hospital in Los Angeles. Cedars-Sinai. n. d. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //cedars-sinai. edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Kidney-and-Pancreas-Transplant-Center/ABO-Incompatibility-and-Sensitized-Transplantation/ABO-Incompatibility-in-Transplants. aspx gt ; . BILEFSKY. DAN. ââ¬Å"Black Market for Body Parts Spreads in Europe ââ¬â NYTimes. com. â⬠The New York Times ââ¬â Breaking News. World News A ; Multimedia. The New YorkTimes. 28 July 2012. Web. 2 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nytimes. com/2012/06/29/world/europe/black-market-for-body-parts-spreads-in-europe. hypertext markup language? _r=1 A ; pagewanted=all gt ; . ââ¬Å"Central Intelligence Agency. â⬠CIA- The World Factbook. CIA. 24 Aug. 2012. Web. 1 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Central Intelligence Agency. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rs. hypertext markup language gt ; . ââ¬Å"Kidney Transplant ââ¬â NHS Choices. â⬠NHS Choices ââ¬â Your wellness. your picks. NHS. n. d. Web. 5 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. New Hampshire. uk/conditions/Kidney-transplant/Pages/Introduction. aspx gt ; . ââ¬Å"Committee of Experts on Trafficing in Human Organs. Tissues and Cells. â⬠47 Countries ââ¬â 800 million citizens ââ¬â Council of Europe. Council of Europe. n. d. Web. 6 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. coe. int/t/DGHL/STANDARDSETTING/CDPC/PC_TO_en. asp gt ; . ââ¬Å"Illegal organ trade on the rise in crisis-hit Europe. â⬠Asiaone. The New Paper. 3 Apr. 2012. Web. 1 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //news. asiaone. com/News/Latest % 2BNews/World/Story/A1Story20120703-356826. hypertext markup language gt ; . Hughes. Donna. Laura Sporcic. and Nadine Mendelsohn. ââ¬Å"Europe ââ¬â Facts on Trafficking and Prostitution. â⬠University of Rhode Island | Think Big. We Do. . URI. n. d. Web. 3 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. uri. edu/artsci/wms/hughes Lundin. Susanne Lundin. â⬠Organ trafficking in Eastern Europe à « balticworlds. com. â⬠Baltic Worlds. Centre for Baltic and East European Studies ( CBEES ) Sodertorn University. Stockholm. 11 Feb. 2010. Web. 4 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //balticworlds. com/the-valuable-body-organ-trafficking-in-eastern-europe/ gt ; . ââ¬Å"NHSBT ââ¬â Organ Donation ââ¬â Statistics. â⬠NHSBT ââ¬â Organ Donation ââ¬â Home. NHSBT. n. d. Web. 3 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. organdonation. New Hampshire. uk:800 Oââ¬â¢REILLY. KEVIN. ââ¬Å"Kidney graft program would give penchant to younger patients ââ¬â amednews. com. â⬠American Medical Association. AMA. n. d. Web. 1 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2011/03/28/prsc032 ââ¬Å"OPTN: Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. â⬠OPTN: Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. HRSA. n. d. Web. 5 Sept. 2012. hypertext transfer protocol: //optn. graft. hrsa. gov/data/ PILKERTON. CHRISTOPHER. ââ¬Å"6 Michigan Journal of Gender A ; Law 1999-2000 Traffic Jam: Recommendations for Civil and Criminal Penalties to Control the Recent Trafficking of Women from Post-Cold War Russia. â⬠6 Michigan Journal of Gender A ; Law 1999-2000 Traffic Jam: Recommendations for Civil and Criminal Penalties to Control the Recent Trafficking of Women from Post-Cold War Russia. HEIN ONLINE. n. d. Web. 2 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //heinonline. org/HOL/LandingPage? collection=journals A ; handle=hein. diary ââ¬Å"Russia. â⬠U. S. Department of State. U. S. Department of State. 19 June 2012. Web. 2 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. province. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3183 ââ¬Å"Serbia Seeks Russiaââ¬â¢s Help in Organ Trafficking Inquiry | Russia | RIA Novosti. â⬠RIA Novosti. RIA Novosti. 28 Jan. 2012. Web. 9 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //en. rian. ru/russia/20120128/170998 Tong. Matthew. ââ¬Å"Overview of Renal graft. â⬠The Hong Kong Society of Transplantation . HKST. n. d. Web. 2 Sept. 2012. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hkst. org/the-education-corner/49-overview-of-renal-transplant. hypertext markup language gt ; . mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-19960229424732965222020-04-16T01:12:00.001-07:002020-04-16T01:12:04.272-07:00Why Research Career PhD Essay Sample AnswersWhy Research Career PhD Essay Sample AnswersThe research career PhD essay sample answers several research questions that you might not be aware of. By presenting information from an applicant's own perspective, a writer can create the reader's own understanding of the topic at hand. Not only does the writer help readers understand the material more clearly, but they also develop a successful paper.A work of writing has an entire composition to it. Everything in this short section must be first-rate. Great research work should be written with perfect sentences and structuring. A researcher must be able to achieve an academic quality in their work.If a reader can't follow what the writer is trying to say, the writer has failed in their ability to communicate what they want them to. People think that the word research means some type of methodical, hard-core method. In reality, any type of research, even when done with a computer, requires a lot of knowledge and skill. It doesn't have t o take months to accomplish research. Sometimes it only takes a couple of hours or days to research a subject.This article will discuss different types of research that is useful for a college-level thesis. Before beginning to research for your major or related field, you will need to know exactly what type of field you are in. You'll want to write about what type of subjects you find interesting. Then you'll be able to create an outline everything else necessary.Once you have chosen a research topic, you'll want to decide if the type of writing style suits you. All writing is subjective; that is, each person has their own opinion on how to write. Regardless of your preferences, you'll want to identify all aspects of the topic that need to be included in your research before you begin writing.This is why research careers are so helpful. After finding a topic, researching becomes a fun process and an enjoyable project. Anyone can write about anything, and everyone has something inter esting to say about their topic.A lot of research is not that long or involved. It all starts with an idea that pops into your head. Everything else from there is up to you.As a student in an environment where research is always on the mind, you'll definitely want to be prepared. Researching for your career is never easy. However, by using the research career PhD essay sample, you can learn how to use the skills of writing to express yourself clearly. Just keep in mind that the topic is very important as well as the subject matter you choose. mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-85135603142830294012020-03-17T18:13:00.001-07:002020-03-17T18:13:02.874-07:00Free Essays on A Constructivist Pedagogy For Career And Technology EducationIn this article, I explored tenets of constructivism that could be directly applied to the Career and Technology Education Standards for Career and Technology Education Teachers. This article provides a proposed constructivist pedagogy for the Vocational Technology studies. Though I do not consider myself to be a strict- constructivist teacher, when I compared my educational philosophy to this proposed pedagogy, I realized how much the study of constructivist theory and practice had influenced my beliefs and methods of instruction. As a future Technology Education educator, I applied these constructivist principles to my own teaching style and methods. A Constructivist Pedagogy for Career and Technology Education The National Association of State Directors of Career Technical Education Consortium states: ââ¬Å"career studies should be taught in manners that are consistent with a constructivist view of learningâ⬠(NASDCTEC, 1999, p. 7). While this may sound good in theory, one underlying problem exists: the lack of a clearly defined, agreed-upon constructivist pedagogy. This article will (1) explore the definition and variations of constructivist theory, (2) present a pedagogy for constructivist teachers of career and technology studies, and (3) compare and relate those pedagogies to the existing standards for powerful career and technology studies as defined by the NASDCTEC. Defining Constructivism ââ¬Å"Constructivism is a topic on the conference programs of virtually all prominent national educational organizations and has been widely described and analyzed in professional journalsâ⬠(Brooks, 1999). Constructivist theory has been presented in a variety of contexts, and institutions of higher education are implementing constructivist teacher education programs nationwide (Brooks, 1999). So, what exactly is constructivism? The answer is not clear, and depending upon different researchers, authors, or theorists,... Free Essays on A Constructivist Pedagogy For Career And Technology Education Free Essays on A Constructivist Pedagogy For Career And Technology Education In this article, I explored tenets of constructivism that could be directly applied to the Career and Technology Education Standards for Career and Technology Education Teachers. This article provides a proposed constructivist pedagogy for the Vocational Technology studies. Though I do not consider myself to be a strict- constructivist teacher, when I compared my educational philosophy to this proposed pedagogy, I realized how much the study of constructivist theory and practice had influenced my beliefs and methods of instruction. As a future Technology Education educator, I applied these constructivist principles to my own teaching style and methods. A Constructivist Pedagogy for Career and Technology Education The National Association of State Directors of Career Technical Education Consortium states: ââ¬Å"career studies should be taught in manners that are consistent with a constructivist view of learningâ⬠(NASDCTEC, 1999, p. 7). While this may sound good in theory, one underlying problem exists: the lack of a clearly defined, agreed-upon constructivist pedagogy. This article will (1) explore the definition and variations of constructivist theory, (2) present a pedagogy for constructivist teachers of career and technology studies, and (3) compare and relate those pedagogies to the existing standards for powerful career and technology studies as defined by the NASDCTEC. Defining Constructivism ââ¬Å"Constructivism is a topic on the conference programs of virtually all prominent national educational organizations and has been widely described and analyzed in professional journalsâ⬠(Brooks, 1999). Constructivist theory has been presented in a variety of contexts, and institutions of higher education are implementing constructivist teacher education programs nationwide (Brooks, 1999). So, what exactly is constructivism? The answer is not clear, and depending upon different researchers, authors, or theorists,... mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-2041849005271522962020-03-01T09:59:00.001-08:002020-03-01T09:59:02.639-08:0015 Frequently Confused Pairs of Adjectives15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Adjectives 15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Adjectives 15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Adjectives By Mark Nichol Some of these similar-looking words do have, among various meanings, the same sense, but their primary definitions are quite different. Know these distinctions: 1. ambiguous/ambivalent: To be ambiguous is be able to be understood in more than one way (or, less commonly, of uncertain identity); to be ambivalent is to express uncertainty or contradictory opinions. (The latter term is also distinct from indifferent, which implies a lack of opinion or concern.) 2. alternate/alternative: To be alternate is to occur by turns or in a pattern that skips from one side to the other, or to provide another possibility; to be alternative is to offer a choice, or to be a variation from a norm. 3. abstruse/obtuse: Something abstruse is, because of complexity, something not easily comprehended; something obtuse is unclear because or careless or imprecise information. (Obtuse also describes someone who is dull or insensitive, or an object that is blunt or round, and alternatively refers to an angle greater than 90 degrees.) 4. arrant/errant: Arrant means ââ¬Å"immoderateâ⬠or ââ¬Å"extremeâ⬠; errant means ââ¬Å"travelingâ⬠or ââ¬Å"being aimless, or ââ¬Å"strayingâ⬠or ââ¬Å"misbehaving.â⬠5. celibate/chaste: A celibate person is one who abstains from sex or marriage; chaste is a synonym but can also mean ââ¬Å"modestâ⬠or even ââ¬Å"spotlessâ⬠or ââ¬Å"austere.â⬠6. climatic/climactic: Climatic refers to climate; climactic applies to a climax. 7. concerted/concentrated: Something concerted has been conducted in a coordinated manner; concentrated means ââ¬Å"focusedâ⬠in the sense of organizing toward a common goal. 8. desirable/desirous: Something desirable is attractive or advantageous; desirous refers to being driven by desire. 9. disinterested/uninterested: Both terms can mean ââ¬Å"apathetic,â⬠but disinterested also has the sense of ââ¬Å"neutral.â⬠10. drastic/dramatic: Drastic means ââ¬Å"extremeâ⬠; dramatic refers to something suggestive of drama, or emphatic. 11. exceptional/exceptionable: Something exceptional is superior, or rare (it is also employed to refer to those with mental or physical abilities); something exceptionable is offensive or undesirable people take exception to it. 12. extended/extensive: Extended means ââ¬Å"lengthenedâ⬠(though it is also sometimes used as a synonym for extensive); extensive means ââ¬Å"to a great degreeâ⬠or ââ¬Å"of a great magnitude.â⬠13. forceful/forcible: To be forceful is to be strong or persuasive; something forcible is accomplished by using force (though it can mean ââ¬Å"powerful,â⬠too). Forced, meanwhile, refers to involuntary action or something done only with effort. 14. ironic/sarcastic: An ironic statement is one meant to be understood as meaning something other than its literal meaning indicates; a sarcastic statement can be ironic, but the word sarcastic generally refers to something said facetiously to express ridicule. 15. luxurious/luxuriant: Something luxurious is resplendent in luxury; something luxuriant is fertile and lush, though the word may also be used as a synonym for luxurious. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Good At, Good In, and Good With50 Nautical Terms in General UseShore It Up mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-64301166282160610392020-02-14T01:25:00.001-08:002020-02-14T01:25:03.123-08:00Article review on a Revised British COnstitution EssayArticle review on a Revised British COnstitution - Essay Example cular importance because Blairââ¬â¢s proposal were seen as highly significant as the Britain is a unitary state with all centralized power vested on the central government not having much transparency in its working processes. The article primarily discusses seven major constitutional proposals of the Blair government which it intended to reform and implement. They are devolution of Scotland and Wales; election of Mayor of London and major urban areas; removal of voting rights of hereditary peers in the House of Lords; incorporation of European human rights into British laws; freedom of information acts; electoral reforms at various level of government and referendum on changing the electoral system for member of parliament; and legislation for separate Supreme Court as independent judicial authority and stable government in northern Ireland. The Blair government was able to make significant inroad into the major constitutional reform proposals and help form stable governments in Scotland and wale after devolution. Even the problem of Northern Ireland, beset with internal violence, was relatively sorted out. Decentralization of power to local councils and mayors and right to information went a long way in creating transparency in government work. Referendums were held to encourage and promote public participation in government decision making were hailed as highly popular mechanism. The one area that became controversial was the reforms in the electoral system whereby though ââ¬Ësingle member district system would be retained but instead of casting a vote for one person only, electorate would rank candidates in order of preference, thus assuring majority rather than a plurality of vote for the winnerââ¬â¢. The reform came under a lot of flak from major political parties because the constitutional reform had undermined their political supremacy over the smaller political parties with regional interests. Even the labor party members had shown their resentment against mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-58405148836039028312020-02-01T15:02:00.001-08:002020-02-01T15:02:02.863-08:00The Carter Administration and the Evolution of American Nuclear EssayThe Carter Administration and the Evolution of American Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy - Essay Example Should one continue to play in the field to make sure that it is kept regulated Or should one insist on the moral high ground and stay away from an arena where the evil is both patent and inherent No other world leader has been hounded by this question more than Jimmy Carter, whose regime has seen the evolution of the American Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Though his good faith and commitment to his advocacy have remained unquestioned, many have voiced their opposition over a nuclear containment strategy that effectively cuts off US engagement from other States with respect to the development of nuclear arsenal, and restricts technology transfer with the end in view of achieving nuclear nonproliferation. It is submitted, however, that Carter is not to blame for the failure of his policies. The larger political landscape - both internal and external - must be examined. If at all, Carter must be lauded for boldly extricating the discourse of nuclear weapons from the neither-here-nor-there language of political ambiguity. His fierce and uncompromising condemnation of nuclear weapons has found resonance all over the world, and continues to affect American foreign policy, one A merican President after another. The history of American policy on nuclear weapons is indeed a colorful and protracted one. After the Second World War ended, the Soviet Union began the nuclear race. Desirous of preventing the Soviets from amassing nuclear arsenal, the US encouraged its allies to explore its nuclear capabilities as well. However, the infamous nuclear testing conducted by France radically altered policy and nonproliferation became the avowed goal. The Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty was entered into by the administration of Lyndon Johnson. However, it was a secondary issue for all intents and purposes. America was made complacent by the absence of threats. When India detonated a nuclear device in 1984, a paradigm shift took place. Nonproliferation suddenly became an important issue. Then President Nixon gave word that he would supply nuclear reactors to Egypt and Israel so they may develop their own nuclear capabilities. Many raised fears, valid fears, that this would only lead to the unabated spread of nuclear weapons and it would reach a point when regulation would be next to impossible. Comes now Jimmy Carter, riding on the crescent wave of anti-nuclear weapon advocates. In his campaign, he always gave special importance to the issue of nuclear weapons. He knew why he wanted to do it - because the anti-nuclear weapons advocacy was at the core human rights issue, and how he would do it - by prohibiting the commercial reprocessing and recycling of plutonium used in the creation of nuclear weapons. By arresting the technology transfer, Carter believed that he was paving the way for nuclear containment. This was a radical and total departure from the policies of Nixon on Ford, who believed in strategic engagement, even a little muscle-flexing, when the need arises. His was a complete declaration of war against nuclear weapons; not the case-to-case basis policy of previous regimes. Much opposition was generated by Carter's policy. In the strong words of Sen. Pete Domenici, a Republican from New Mexico, " a strategy of nonproliferation based solely on denial of equipment and technology will at most only delay, not prohibit this possibility." The legislature also mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-85822957796149997402020-01-24T11:26:00.001-08:002020-01-24T11:26:02.480-08:00Turns and Twists in Flannery OConnors A Good Man Is Hard to Find EssaTurns and Twists in Flannery O'Connor's A Good Man Is Hard to Find Irony is a useful tool for giving stories unexpected turns and twists. In Flannery O'Connor's "A Good Man Is Hard to Find," irony is used as a very effective literary tool; to guide the story in and out of what we think will happen. O'Connor uses irony in this story to contradict statements and situations to expose a truth very much different from what "we" the reader would think to be true. O'Connor use irony in several different forms, situational irony, dramatic irony and verbal irony to make the story unpredictable and interesting to read. In most every aspect of the story from beginning to end there is some type of ironic twist. The title itself is some what ironic, where in a normal society a "good man" would be seen as a man that obeys laws and is kind to fellow humans not as a murderer and an escaped convict like the Misfit. But the grandmother in the story while her family is being taken way to be killed says, using verbal irony, "I know you're a good man ... You're not a bit common (335)." The main character in the story is the grandmother in which O'Connor uses her for almost every ironic situation. In the beginning of the story O'Connor uses the idea that "we" the reader have of what a grandmother would be like to unfold a story that is nothing like what "we" would perceive a grandmother to be like. This type of irony is situational irony; this is used throughout the story and literature. It is the contrast between what happens and what was expected to happen or what would seem appropriate to have happen, or an appropriate way for a character to act versus the way they do act. If a story started out using a character that's a professiona... ... She uses cosmic irony; a type of irony that goes beyond being unfair and is morally tragic, as the main setting for the story, you may not be able to see it right away but the undertone are there. Such irony is often so harsh that it causes people to question God, like the grandmother does near the end of the story, "'That's when you should have started to pray...If you would pray,' the old lady said, `Jesus would help you. (336-337)" The irony in this story reaches such a tragic state that as expected it may suggest to the characters in the story and even the reader that people could just be pawns in the hands of mysterious forces or fate. Works Cited: O'Connor, Flannery "A Good Man Is Hard to Find." Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. Ed. John Schilb and John Clifford. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin's. 2003. 1379-1391. mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-999059484950460082020-01-16T07:49:00.001-08:002020-01-16T07:49:02.573-08:00Employment and Interviewer EssayAsk a random selection of people for a listing of their least favorite activities, and right up there with ââ¬Å"getting my teeth drilledâ⬠is likely to be ââ¬Å"going to a job interview.â⬠The job interview is often regarded as a confusing, humiliating, and nerve-racking experience. First of all, you have to wait for your appointment in an outer room, often trapped there with other people applying for the same job. You sit nervously, trying not to think about the fact that only one of you may be hired. Then you are called into the interviewerââ¬â¢s office. Faced with a complete stranger, you have to try to act both cool and friendly as you are asked all sorts of questions. Some questions are personal: ââ¬Å"What is your greatest weakness?â⬠Others are confusing: ââ¬Å"Why should we hire you?â⬠The interview probably takes about twenty minutes but seems like two hours. Finally, you go home and wait for days and even weeks. If you get the job, great. But if you donââ¬â¢t, youââ¬â¢re rarely given any reason why. 2 The job-interview ââ¬Å"gameâ⬠may not be much fun, but it is a game you can win if you play it right. The name of the game is standing out of the crowdââ¬âin a positive way. If you go to the interview in a Bozo the Clown suit, youââ¬â¢ll stand out of the crowd, all right, but not in a way that is likely to get you hired. 3 Here are guidelines to help you play the interview game to win: 4 Present yourself as a winner. Instantly, the way you dress, speak, and move gives the interviewer more information about you than you would think possible. You doubt that this is true? Consider this: a professional job recruiter, meeting a series of job applicants, was asked to signal the moment he decided not to hire each applicant. The thumbs-down decision was often made in less than forty-five secondsââ¬âeven before the applicant thought the interview had begun. 5 How can you keep from becoming a victim of an instant ââ¬Å"noâ⬠decision? * Dress appropriately. This means business clothing: usually a suit and tie or a conservative dress or skirt suit. Donââ¬â¢t wear casual student clothing. On the other hand, donââ¬â¢t overdress: youââ¬â¢re going to a job interview, not a party. If youââ¬â¢re not sure whatââ¬â¢s considered appropriate business attire, do some spying before the interview. Walk past your prospective place of employment at lunch or quitting time and check out how the employees are dressed. Your goal is to look as though you would fit in with that group of people. * Pay attention to your grooming. Untidy hair, body odor, dandruff, unshined shoes, a hanging hem, stains on your tie, excessive makeup or cologne, a sloppy job of shavingââ¬âif the interviewer notices any of these, your prospect of being hired takes a probably fatal hit. * Look alert, poised, and friendly. When that interviewer looks into the waiting room and calls your name, he or she is getting a first impression of your behavior. If youââ¬â¢re slouched in your chair, dozing or lost in the pages of a magazine; if you look up with an annoyed ââ¬Å"Huh?â⬠; if you get up slowly and wander over with your hands in your pockets, he or she will not be favorably impressed. What will earn you points is rising promptly and walking briskly toward the interviewer. Smiling and looking directly at that person, extend your hand to shake his or hers, saying, ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m Lesley Brown. Thank you for seeing me today.â⬠* Expect to make a little small talk. This is not a waste of time; it is the interviewerââ¬â¢s way of checking your ability to be politely sociable, and it is your opportunity to cement the good impression youââ¬â¢ve already made. The key is to follow the interviewerââ¬â¢s lead. If he or she wants to chat about the weather for a few minutes, do so. But donââ¬â¢t drag it out; as soon as you get a signal that itââ¬â¢s time to talk about the job, be ready to get down to business. Be ready for the interviewerââ¬â¢s questions. The same questions come up again and again in many job interviews. You should plan ahead for all these questions! Think carefully about each question, outline your answer, and memorize each outline. Then practice reciting the answers to yourself. Only in this way are you going to be prepared. Here are common questions, what they really mean, and how to answer them: * ââ¬Å"Tell me about yourself.â⬠This question is raised to see how organized you are. The wrong way to answer it is to launch into a wandering, disjointed response orââ¬âworse yetââ¬âto demand defensively, ââ¬Å"What do you want to know?â⬠or ââ¬Å"What do you mean?â⬠When this question comes up, you should be prepared to give a brief summary of your life and work experienceââ¬âwhere you grew up, where your family lives now, where you went to school, what jobs youââ¬â¢ve had, and how you happen to be here now looking for the challenge of a new job. * ââ¬Å"What are your strengths and weaknesses?â⬠In talking about your strong points, mention traits that will serve you well in this particular job. If you are well organized, a creative problem-solver, a good team member, or a quick learner, be ready to describe specific ways those strengths have served you in the past. Donââ¬â¢t make the mistake of saying, ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t have any real weaknesses.â⬠Youââ¬â¢ll come across as more believable if you admit a flawââ¬âbut make it one that an employer might actually like. For instance, admit that you are a workaholic or a perfectionist. * ââ¬Å"Why should we hire you?â⬠Remember that it is up to you to convince the interviewer that youââ¬â¢re the man or woman for this job. If you just sit there and hope that the interviewer will magically discern your good qualities, you are likely to be disappointed. Donââ¬â¢t be afraid to sell yourself. Tell the recruiter that from your research you have learned that the interviewerââ¬â¢s company is one you would like to work for, and that you believe the companyââ¬â¢s needs and your skills are a great match. * ââ¬Å"Why did you leave your last job?â⬠This may seem like a great opportunity to cry on the interviewerââ¬â¢s shoulder about what a jerk your last boss was or how unappreciated you were. It is not. The experts agree: never bad-mouth anyone when you are asked this question. Say that you left in order to seek greater responsibilities or challenges. Be positive, not negative. No matter how justified you may feel about hating your last job or boss, if you give voice to those feelings in an interview, youââ¬â¢re going to make the interviewer suspect that youââ¬â¢re a whiner and hard to work with. * ââ¬Å"Do you have any questions?â⬠This is the time to stress one last time how interested you are in this particular job. Ask a question or two about specific aspects of the job, pointing out again how well your talents and the companyââ¬â¢s needs are matched. Even if youââ¬â¢re dying to know how much the job pays and how much vacation you get, donââ¬â¢t ask. There will be time enough to cover those questions after youââ¬â¢ve been offered the job. Today, your task is to demonstrate what a good employee you would be. 7 Send a thank-you note. Once youââ¬â¢ve gotten past the interview, there is one more chance for you to make a fine impression. As soon as you canââ¬âcertainly no more than one or two days after the interviewââ¬âwrite a note of thanks to your interviewer. In it, briefly remind him or her of when you came in and what job you applied for. As well as thanking the interviewer for seeing you, reaffirm your interest in the job and mention again why you think you are the best candidate for it. Make the note courteous, businesslike, and briefââ¬âjust a paragraph or two. If the interviewer is wavering between several equally qualified candidates, such a note could tip the scales in your favor. No amount of preparation is going to make interviewing for a job your favorite activity. But if you go in well-prepared and with a positive attitude, your potential employer canââ¬â¢t help thinking highly of you. And the day will come when you are the one who wins the job. mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-72827890432042283062020-01-08T04:11:00.001-08:002020-01-08T04:11:02.831-08:00Title Ix And Its Impact On American Sports - 2369 Words Title IX consists of just thirty-seven words, and it is these words that have transformed the dynamics within the female athletic sphere in the United States. Although the federal law was initially envisioned to assist women in academia, it is currently renowned for its profound impact on American sports (Ware). It is an irrefutable fact that Title IX has vastly increased womenââ¬â¢s participation in sports: the law has reportedly increased female participation rates within colleges six-fold from 1972ââ¬âthe year it was passedââ¬âto today (Cooky). Opportunities for women in sports have never been greater. However, despite the progress made by Title IX, it faces deep challenges in its quest to achieve true equality. Womenââ¬â¢s participation rates in sports still lag far behind men, and one cannot ignore this disturbing reality (ââ¬Å"National Coalitionâ⬠). Thus, the question as to whether or not Title IX has achieved gender equity is highly debatable. This paper i ntends to understand the shortcomings of Title IXââ¬â¢s goal in attaining true equality through analysis of its limitations. Specifically, this essay will explore womenââ¬â¢s history in sports prior to Title IX, the importance of sports for females, an overview of Title IXââ¬â¢s statute, and an analysis of the lawââ¬â¢s various issues. To narrow the scope of my essay, I will focus mainly on intercollegiate sports. Historical Attitudes Pre-Title IX Prior to the passing of Title IX in 1972, women were generally not appreciated in the world ofShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Title IX1864 Words à |à 7 Pagescompetitor and have a passion for sports. This is a feeling that many females felt before Title IX; was explicated to give femaleââ¬â¢s gender equality in sports. Title IX has positively affected womenââ¬â¢s sports over the years, but can negatively impact menââ¬â¢s teams, especially within the collegiate field. Title IX has changed budgeting and participation numbers between males and females, while opening up several opportunities for women. I am going to inform you how Title IX affects females and males in collegiateRead MoreTitle IXââ¬â¢s Lasting Effects1369 Words à |à 6 PagesIt is also important to examine the impacts of Title IX on racial diversity as well, not only gender diversity. In 1972, it was reported that 30% of white girls and women were playing sports which increased to 40% after the passage o f Title IX (Picket et. all, 2012). Participation levels among black women have actually decreased from 35% in 1972 to only 27% in 2002 (Picket et. all, 2012). This leads to the conclusion that in 1972 Black women played more sports then their White counterparts, and sinceRead More Title IX and Impacts on Womens Education Essay examples1160 Words à |à 5 PagesTitle IX and the impacts on women and their education HISTORY: Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 is the landmark legislation that bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it is in academics or athletics. Title IX states: No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid. Athletics has created the most controversy regardingRead MoreTitle Ix : An Important Part Of The American Culture811 Words à |à 4 PagesTitle IX Sports have an important part in the American culture. Todayââ¬â¢s ratio of girls in high school who take part in sports is 1 in 3. In 1970, the ratio was only 1 in 27. Now some of the greatest rising sport stars are women. Americans didnââ¬â¢t believe girls and women could play sports such as basketball, rugby, soccer, and many more. Basically girls and women were underestimated due to the fact America thought they couldnââ¬â¢t play a sport that a boy or man could play. The Educational AmendmentsRead MoreTitle IX on Sexual and Race Discrimination1366 Words à |à 6 Pages Research paper Title IX What if you were told that there may be a law created intended to remove discrimination between the sexes in education and sports, or that in the matter of athletics and job occupations both men and women are given equal opportunities? Would you then agree or disagree with the ideology that both sexes are still treated different even though this law was created and the opportunities that were promised arenââ¬â¢t precisely indistinguishable? Title IX is not an accurate protectionRead MoreCritique of Title IX1136 Words à |à 5 Pagessexes in sports and education, or that man and woman are both given equal opportunities as far as an athletic or educational career? Would you then agree or disagree with the ideology that both sexes are still treated different even though this law was created and the opportunities that were promised arenââ¬â¢t precisely indistinguishable? Title IX does not accurately protect sexual discrimination; it doesnt give equal opportunities, and is unjust as far as benefits between male and female sports. AlthoughRead MoreTitle IX Thesis973 Words à |à 4 PagesWhile Title IX is often thought of ââ¬Å"the womenââ¬â¢s sports billâ⬠, the history and progression of Title IX suggests a far more complex history. In fact, as Amanda Ross Edwards suggests, Title IXââ¬â¢s shift was reaction to public conflict about the bill that was spurred after the billââ¬â¢s creation. The conflicts surrounding the development of Title IX suggests that debates about who should be included in educational spaces and who should be excluded from those spaces did not cease upon the Brown vs. Board ofRead MoreConflicting Arguments Over Title IX Legislation925 Words à |à 4 Pagesgymnastics programs (Gottesdiener, 2011). Organizations like this are being diminished and discarded at an ever-increasing rate all across America. College and high school students competing in these athletic events are truly passionate about their chosen sport. In many cases, promising athletes are offered scholarships, initiating a symbiotic relationship between the student and the school they play for. In 1972, a new legislation was put forward with the intent of leveling the school-sponsored playing fieldRead MoreTitle IX: Nix the Nine1354 Words à |à 5 PagesTitle IX is a controversial law that has raised many conflicts with colleges and other federal funded establishments. Title IX has had a long controversial history throughout America and has been the focal point of many court cases. Among these court cases women have believed that this law has only affected womenââ¬â¢s athletics in a positive way and has not affected menââ¬â¢s athletics in a negative way at all. Although Title IX has affected womenââ¬â¢s athletics in a positive way it has, at the same time,Read MoreEqual Pay Act And Title Ix1485 Words à |à 6 PagesIt is the year 2016, the United States has had its first African American president, gay marriage is legalized, a nd women and men are supposedly seen as equals in the workplace and educational institutions. It is important to note that while steps to equality have been made through the Equal Pay Act and Title IX, gender discrimination is still prevalent in society. The NCAA reported since 1988, in the 2007-2008 academic year, institutions yielded a net gain of 2, 342 womenââ¬â¢s teams added to varsity mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-52310684290800855542019-12-31T00:36:00.001-08:002019-12-31T00:36:03.038-08:00No Happy Ever After For Our Beloved Fairy Tales - 1479 Words Write a persuasive piece of opinion journalism about how fairy tales corrupt children for a broadsheet newspaper such as The Guardian aimed at a sophisticated adult audience. No Happy Ever After for Our Beloved Fairy tales? So then, alongside toy guns and pink dresses fairy tales have been placed on the ever growing pile of what not to give to your children. These dastardly tales apparently contain all the social noââ¬â¢s of our society. They are detrimental to girlsââ¬â¢ self-image (small waisted perfect princesses that no real girl can live up to), they are full of politically incorrect messages (girls are rescued by dashing princes, ugly equals evil to name a few) and are presumably full of e-numbers, such is the growing stigma against them. For all these crimes and more, parents are being urged to throw these once beloved childhood classics into a cage and throw away the key. Okay, I may be exaggerating. A little. But seriously, do fairy tales really convince sweet little five year olds that, as literary critic and Professor of English at UCLA Karen Rowe states, ââ¬Ëbeauty as a girlââ¬â¢s most valuable asset, and perhaps even her only valuable assetââ¬â¢ or terrify our darling delights so much that they suffer from night mares. Not really. Indeed, in a childrenââ¬â¢s Cinderella from ââ¬Ë100 Classic Storiesââ¬â¢ the terrifying punishment the ugly stepsisters share is that they must...wash dishes one day a week. As Iââ¬â¢m sure youââ¬â¢ll agree this is not going to give children nightmares. In fact,Show MoreRelatedThe Consequences Of Fairy Stories823 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"Happily Ever After,â⬠the three words are so characteristic of a fairy tale. But do fairy tales need to have a happily ever after? The factual answer would be ââ¬â No. Some of the original versions of the adapted screenplays didnââ¬â¢t have happy endings. In Charles Perraultââ¬â¢s version ââ¬Å"Little Red Riding Hood1,â⬠the wolf ate the grandmother and Little Red, thus leaving us with no happy ending. But fairy tales arenââ¬â¢t based on facts and logic. They are the creation of our imagination and (some) a result ofRead MoreEssay Fairy Tales1141 Words à |à 5 PagesFairy Tales Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm are famous for their renditions of some of the most beloved childrens fairy tales. Among the hundreds is the well known (Schneewittchen) Snow-drop. This fairy tale is in many aspects common, imperfect, and vulgar, as are most of the fairy tale translations of the Grimm Brothers. These characteristics are what depict the Grimm fairy tales. The tales were primarily written to entertain and relate to the common peasantsof the 1800s. The stories are notRead MoreFeminism and Fairy Tales1250 Words à |à 5 Pagesabout women, one may wonder the origins of such beliefs. It might come as a surprise that these ideals and standards are embedded and have been for centuries in the beloved fairy tales we enjoyed reading as kids. In her analytical essay, ââ¬Å"To Spin a Yarn: The Female Voice in Folklore and Fairy Talesâ⬠, Karen Rowe argues that fairy tales present ââ¬Å"cultural norms which exalt passivity, dependency, and self-sacrifice as a femaleââ¬â¢s cardinal virtues.â⬠Rowe presents an excellent point, which can be supportedRead MoreAn Analysis Of Sleeping Beauty 1112 Words à |à 5 PagesAccording to dictionary.com, a folktale is said to be, ââ¬Å"a tale or legend originating and traditional among a people or folk, especially one forming part of the oral tradition of the common peopleâ⬠. What many people donââ¬â¢t realize is our beloved fairy tales, such as ââ¬Å"Sleeping Beautyâ⬠have been derived from folktale. ââ¬Å"Sleeping Beautyââ¬â¢sâ⬠folktale is exceptionally different from the modern day version that Disney has provided us with. Disneyââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Sleeping Beautyâ⬠and one of the original French versionsRead MoreThe Grimm Brothers Fairy Tales1111 Words à |à 5 PagesEverything from music, to movies, and fairytales has been influenced by society. More specifically, society has influenced the Grimm Brothers fairy tales. The Grimm Brothers fairy tales would be considered dark a nd gruesome by todayââ¬â¢s standards. Parents would not allow their own children near the stories, which caused society to give the tales a more PG feeling. The tales changed and became what we know them as today. Disney has played a major role in creating the innocent versions that todayââ¬â¢s early generationsRead More The Structure and Underlining Meanings of Rapunzel by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm1406 Words à |à 6 PagesGrimm, has the same basic structure as all other fairy tales born from the oral tradition; what is commonly referred to as the opening, main part and ending, is the foundation of the tale. It is around this clearly defined three-part structure of the plot, that invisible layers of meaning exist ââ¬â often very different for each reader. Between the clever design of the plot ââ¬â which allows several stories to surface within a seeming individual tale ââ¬â and multiple layers underneath the literal actionRead MoreThe Setting Created By Burton1589 Words à |à 7 Pagesimportant as the characters depicted. This film shows us that fairy tales can take place in a modern setting. Explain, using examples from the film, with reference to Burtonââ¬â¢s personal iconography. (Describe the two worlds depicted in Edward Scissorhands. *How do lighting, colour, contrast, and shape influence our understanding of each of these worlds? * How do the charactersââ¬â¢ costumes emphasise the contrast between these two worlds add to our understanding of the story and the themes being communicatedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Beloved Shrek 1125 Words à |à 5 Pages Milan: Good Afternoon Eng. Comp 101 class. This is Milan Patel speaking, and I m here with none other than Ally Ary. Today we have a very interesting topic to discuss. Ally: We sure do, Milan! Today, we are going to evaluate the beloved Shrek series, specifically Shrek 2 which was released in 2004 and directed by Andrew Adamson, Conrad Vernon, and Kelly Asbury. Milan: Andrew Adamsonââ¬â¢s other great directing moment was during 2008 with the Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian. Conrad Vernon also directedRead MoreHow Princess Culture Is All Round Us1818 Words à |à 8 Pagesstories told by people before the advent of writing, or before someone determined them worthy of literary transcriptionâ⬠Socrates). People only took up the profession of making wives tales into literature. Brothers Grimm, the literary works, and Disney, the animated works, are the most familiar to people. The tales of these stories are often based on the female charactors under stereotypes that is at a disadvantage, racial issues that view white as good and black as bad, and marginality that is sternlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1064 Words à |à 5 PagesSalem, Hale is disgusted with what has happened in Salem. Hale is totally aware of how blasphemous the results of the trials are. Miller writes, ââ¬Å"Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own. I came into this village like a bridegroom to his beloved, bearing gifts of high religion; the very crowns of holy law I brought, and what I touched with my bright confidence,it diedâ⬠(Miller,345) This expresses Haleââ¬â¢s frustrations with what has gone on in Salem. He was in full support of cleansing the town mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-58725622229078532192019-12-22T20:21:00.001-08:002019-12-22T20:21:04.802-08:00Analysis of the Kite Runner - 1922 Words 1. Point of View The novel was written in a first personââ¬â¢s point of view. The narrator of the novel, Amir, tells the story firstly based on his memories in a chronological flashback order. Time soon catches up and Amir narrates as things are happening in the second part of the novel. The telling of the novel was passed to Rahim Khan as he narrates about the life he and Hassan were living while Amir and Baba were in America before the narration was passed back to Amir. 2. Plot â⬠¢ Introduction ââ¬â The childhood memories of when Amir and Hassan were still boys, living in Kabul. â⬠¢ Rising action ââ¬â The raping scene of Hassan by Assef and his lackeys that was witnessed by Amir after the kite flying competition. â⬠¢ Climax ââ¬â When Rahim Khan calls andâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He also stood up against the Taliban when they tried to evacuate Hassan and his family from Babaââ¬â¢s house, which cost him his life. Hassanââ¬â¢s character serves as the justice part of people. The person that always does good and should be an example to all. â⬠¢ Baba Baba is a man with very high expectations. He expected Amir to be just like him as a kid growing up and was never satisfied or proud with anything Amir did. Another character trait shown by Baba is his patriotism when he took a handful of Afghanistan soil and kept it before going to America. Baba is also a very brave man as he stood up for the woman wearing the black shawl when the Russian soldier wanted to rape her, risking his life in the process. When Baba refused chemotherapy and the food stamps, it shows that he a very proud man and wouldnââ¬â¢t want to be seen as weak. Last but not least, Baba is a loving man. Although it didnââ¬â¢t seem as so, Baba did love Amir and even Hassan. He helped Amir ask for Sorayaââ¬â¢s hand in marriage and he never forgot Hassanââ¬â¢s birthday. Furthermore, Baba is a forgiving person as he forgives Hassan for supposedly stealing Amirââ¬â¢s birthday presents. Baba portrays the character that drives the protagonist, Amir to strive to b e better in everything in order to gain some appreciation. â⬠¢ Assef Assefââ¬â¢s main character trait is that he is a revengeful person. He held a grudge against Amir and Hassan after standing up to him and got his revenge on Hassan by raping him. Even afterShow MoreRelatedCritical Analysis Of The Kite Runner1090 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬â H 31 October 2017 Consequences of War: A Critical Analysis of the Kite Runner On a day to day basis, an individual is faced with an obstacle they must overcome, ultimately defining their morals and values. In the literature perspective, the novel The Kite Runner delivers multiple thematic ideas that portray the struggles of characters in their ordinary lives. Khaled Hosseini, author and physician, released his debut novel The Kite Runner in the year of 2003. This novel is written in the firstRead MoreThematic Analysis Of The Kite Runner 1377 Words à |à 6 PagesThematic Analysis of the Kite Runner John Piper once said, ââ¬Å"Redemption is not perfection, the redeemed must realize their mistakes.â⬠One can see an idea similar to this in Kahled Hosseiniââ¬â¢s The Kite Runner. In the story, the author sends the message that redemption can be a lifelong pursuit, and until achieved, happiness will not be obtained. The first time the reader is introduced to the theme comes at a time when Amir is feeling as though he is not deserving of his fathers appreciation. ââ¬Å"BecauseRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner 1016 Words à |à 5 PagesAccording to the dictionary redemption means ââ¬Å" The act of saving from sinâ⬠. The kite Runner is about two boys that goes through violence and betrayal in Kabul, Afghanistan. One of the main characters Amir decided not to help his best friend caused their conflicts to grow. This reveals the theme of redemption throughout the Kite Runner. Most importantly, there is a motivation behind why Amir battles very nearly his whole existence with reclamation and that is on the grounds that Amir s hirelingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner1078 Words à |à 5 Pages The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, a story of a boy as he unravels his journey throughout his life. The novel consists of multiple themes such as love, friendship, betrayal, guilt, , secrets, loyalty, and redemption. As the main character, Amir recalls his past events, all of these themes start to unravel specific events that occurred in his life. ââ¬Å"There is a way to be good againâ⬠(Hosseini 2) is where the novel unfolds the deep dark life of Amirââ¬â¢s regret and guilt, Babaââ¬â¢s secret, and Hassanââ¬â¢sRead MoreThe Kite Runner Analysis1237 Words à |à 5 Pageshow political power such as the Taliban can bring out the evil in people but he also demonstrates how there is oppressive male power in relationships that also brings out the same human nature. He uses overbearing masculine characters in the The Kite Runner and gender roles to express how men were given the right to act in such horrific ways towards women. In Afghanistan there are many restrictions aga inst women. Men have control over their wives and girlfriends. They have the dominant power and sinceRead MoreThe Kite Runner Analysis772 Words à |à 4 PagesThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini was a touching book that revolved around loyalty within a friendship. The friendship between Hassan and Amir had some difficulties. A true friendship can be hard to find(,) but can be one of the most vital things to being truly happy. Both Hassan and Amir had proven their loyalty to each other by the end of The Kite Runner. Loyalty was a crucial part in Hassan and Amirââ¬â¢s friendship. à à à In the beginning, Hassan was not only loyal to Amir because that was his dutyRead MoreCritical Analysis Of The Kite Runner 1899 Words à |à 8 PagesCritical Analysis of The Kite Runner ââ¬Å"It may be unfair, but what happens in a few days, sometimes even a single day, can change the course of a whole lifetimeâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (142). Khaled Hosseiniââ¬â¢s The Kite Runner unfolds the story of the affluent youth Amir and his servant friend Hassan, who are separated by a traumatizing sexual assault and the 1979 Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan. Despite a fresh start in San Francisco, Amir is devoured by guilt for failing to protect his loyal friend. Many years laterRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Kite Runner 1229 Words à |à 5 PagesShyanne Nobles Ms. Mastrokyriakos English 4A Literary Analysis on ââ¬Å"The Kite Runnerâ⬠Edward Michael a British adventurer, writer and television presenter of Man vs. Wild always says ââ¬Å"survival can be summed up in three words - never give up. Thatââ¬â¢s the heart of it really. Just keep tryingâ⬠. The Kite Runner is a fictional book with a heartbreaking plot and struggling characters that are easily sympathetic to the readers. An Afghani child that has to make life changing decisions at such a young ageRead MoreThe Kite Runner Analysis 1844 Words à |à 8 PagesTherefore, being a father is very difficult, having to overcome obstacles and being strong for each other. A well-known saying ââ¬Å"like father, like sonâ⬠is evident in this novel by the different ties of relationship each character had. In the novel, The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini proves that there is need of a fatherly figure when growing up. Having a father-son bond helps the child differentiate right from wrong. The relationship which demonstrates the need of a father figure is depic ted by Baba and AmirRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner 1229 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Kite Runnerââ¬â¢s plot is centered on the story of Amir, a young boy who grew up in Afghanistan with his father, and friend, Hassan. Amir was raised without a mother, and had no womanly influence in his life until he was married. This lack of women in the storyline has caused some to argue that the novel is demeaning to women (Gomez). The vulgar language and explicit themes are seen as demoralizing towards the female gender (Schaub). In the novel the women are required to remain committed and submissive mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-3812211995235277712019-12-14T16:51:00.001-08:002019-12-14T16:51:03.216-08:00Drug Research Paper Free Essays Drug Research Paper Inhalants are wide variety of substances that young adults use as another way to get high. Inhalants cause mind-altering effects and typically someone would not think of these products as drugs because they were never intended for that type of use. Inhalants are very easy for young adults to find and many different types are even in their own homes. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Inhalants can be anything from household cleaners to aerosols to gases. Inhalants are administered by breathing in through the nose or mouth in a variety of ways sniffing or snorting the fumes from the containers. People who use them can also inhale fumes from a balloon or a bag which would be filled with the inhalant of choice. The high from the inhalant only lasts a few minutes which causes users to continue to inhale substances many times over a short period of time and having greater effects. The physical impacts caused from inhalants are very similar to what someone would be like if they were to get drunk from alcohol. Symptoms would include slurred speech, little to no coordination, euphoric, and dizziness. Users may also experience hallucinations, and delusions. Users who frequently inhale will feel less control of their body for a longer period of time and may feel drowsy and have severe headaches for several hours and can possibly carry over to days with the same headache symptoms. Depending on the chemical inhaled users will experience added effects such as confusion, nausea, increased heart rate, and throwing up. The behavioral impact from inhalants can be a short state of excitement and also confusion and hallucinations. Users also will have sudden mode swings and the inability to made clear and smart decisions. Long term effects from inhalants that are very harmful and some irreversible effect areas all over the body. One of the long-term effects that is very serious and is from excessive inhalants is the break down of myelin. Myelin is a fatty tissue that surrounds and protects nerve fibers and helps messages get sent all over the body. Due to excessive use of inhalants will cause serious damage to the myelin and that will lead to muscle spasms, tremors, and the high possibility of losing basic abilities such as walking, bending down, and talking. Other serious irreversible long-term effects from inhalants are hearing loss, limb spasms, severe brain damage, and bone marrow damage. The use of inhalants among teens and adults is very high due to the easy access they have to wide varieties of them. Over 17 million people have experimented with inhalants. Inhalants are also the fourth most abused substance in the United States. Rohypnol is a drug that is very common and targets the central nervous system. It is used as a depressant medicine and is currently illegal for all use in the United States. Rohypnol has many names but is most commonly know as roofies or the ââ¬Å"date rape drugâ⬠. Rohypnolââ¬â¢s sedative effects are about 7 to 10 times stronger than Valium. Effects hit the victim within 15 to 20 minutes after being taken. Rohypnol is administered by young adults recreationally but most often and most commonly given to someone without them knowing they have just taken the drug. Due to its odorless and tasteless characteristics it can easily be slipped in a drink and dissolve quickly and therefore the person being administered the drug has no idea was has happened or that they have or are about to take it. The physical impact of rohypnol is it is known to cause temporary muscle relaxation, sleep, and impaired motor skills. Rohypnol also increases the effects of alcohol and other drugs without your knowledge. Also rophynol causes people to no remember certain things that went on such as events at a party or bar. Rohypnol also causes drowsiness, dizziness, loss of motor skills control, lack of coordination, blurred speech, confusion, all lasting up to and sometimes beyond 12 hours. The behavioral impact from use of rohypnol is dependence for the drug and the withdrawal syndrome when the drug hasnââ¬â¢t been taken in a period of time. The most common effect from rohypnol is memory loss and the feeling of not being able to control yourself. Although rohypnol is most commonly used a sedative, chronic use of the drug can cause very aggressive behavior and possibly seizures. Also if a person has overdosed on rohypnol it is possible they can have problems breathing and fall into a coma. Long term effects from rophynol use are physical and psychological dependence. People who suffer from excessive use of the drug feel like they canââ¬â¢t live without it and are unable to do anything or feel good and have major withdrawal effects. The drug is most prevalent with teenagers and adults from ages 13 to 30. Due to its low cost only about $5 dollars per pill it makes the drug more available to people and then making it more abundant in the areas such as parties and bars. My assigned treatment plan is the Motivational Interference Therapy. What this treatment plan does is it offers counseling sessionââ¬â¢s motivational therapy and multiple step programs to help pull the patient out of addiction and back to living a healthy life. The first stage involves encouraging the patient to overcome their dependency behavior and tries to help them see the life without their addiction and try to convince them it is possible and build their confidence up slowly. The second step is to show the effects of their addiction on themselves and how they can remove it from their life just like it came in. This session is done 2 to 4 times depending on the patientââ¬â¢s addiction. The final step is to motivate the patient to completely give up on drugs and show them it is possible and that they can do it. The pros to this method are that they are consistently motivating, reminding, and showing you the positives to getting out of addiction. The cons to this method are that I think this style might not work for everyone and that some people may need a different type of program one that moves at a slower pace that allows them to really see themselves and what addiction has done to them. Also I think patients would need to spend more time at each stage to really break through their addiction. The drug addiction this method is made more is all cases of addiction but not so much the heavy addictions of drugs and alcohol but it can definitely help most cases of addictions. How to cite Drug Research Paper, Essays mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2274591747369878496.post-1897817135999917722019-12-06T13:14:00.001-08:002019-12-06T13:14:03.496-08:00Elaborate Description and Analysis Concerning Question: Discuss about the Elaborate Description and Analysis Concerning. Answer: Introduction This assessment has presented with an elaborate description and analysis concerning the marketing strategies and policies of two non-profit associations - World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). Both these organizations work towards securing and maintaining the future of animals for ensuring ecological balance. The objectives of both these organizations are to maintain a cause-related marketing approach so that they can successfully continue their socially charitable activities (Omar, Leach March, 2014). Hence, this assessment has attempted to concentrate on the marketing approach of both WWF and RSPCA towards promotion of their products and service model in the market, at the same time prioritizing the future of animals with provisions and shelter. Both the companies are same, differing only in their marketing approaches to occupy a major position in the non-profit industry. For that, both have concentrated on the 4Ps of marketi ng mix. 4Ps for World Wildlife Fund (WWF) The primary objective of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is to sell soft toys in the form of wild beasts. While propelling this specific non-profit business association, the essential point was to gather funding for wildlife creatures. The protection of wildlife creatures is the business motivation of World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Thus, in different events this NGO tends to offer soft toys of wild animals with the goal that they can raise a funds and capital for the wild creatures ("About Us | WWF", 2016). For segregating the target market, the marketing department has been continuously concentrating on premium customer segment. The mid-level market segment would not be showing any sort of interest in purchasing these soft toys for their kids (Theysohn et al., 2013). Thus, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has decided upon following the brand value policy with the intention of drawing interest of the premium segment customers. In this specific case, the scope of target market is not wide or immense. Despite that, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has focused on a high scope of premium clients that empower the businesspersons for raising a lot of capital for supporting the wild creatures. Keeping in mind the end goal to focus on the premium segment clients, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has chosen to broaden their range past the local market of Australia. Or else, the association would fall short in gathering adequate number of target clients (Hollensen, 2015). Aside from Australian market, the association has chosen to broaden their business in New Zealand also so that the scope of target market can be improved. The outlets have been chosen to be built up in such regions that individuals can, without much of a stretch, access those regions. Nonetheless, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has, as of now, made a request in the market of both Australia and in addition in New Zealand. Business development is the basic objective of World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Hence, the marketing department has chosen to utilize social media as platform, with the assistance of which the association would have the capacity to interest individuals from various topographical territories. Moreover, social media is a standout amongst the best marketing approaches, with the assistance of which the promotional executives can develop their merchandise and service model for the clients (Kotler et al., 2015). World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has made social media pages, official sites and open forums, in view of which the business specialists can interact with the target segment openly. In view of the clients' needs and requests, the association plans to change their business procedure and approach also. 4Ps of RSPCA: The primary vision of Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is to provide a secured life to the domestic pets. The organization has noticed a general tendency on the human mind for depriving domestic animals. People in general tend to show their ruthless attitude towards the pets. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals has decided to make an effective interpersonal communication with the householders so that they can show their interest in adopting the animals. In addition, RSPCA like to provide insurance services to the animals for reducing the rate of animal cruelty happening at various places (rspca.org.au, 2016). Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals prefers to maintain low cost strategy in order to target the average cost customers. The organization has targeted most of the householders who would be able to take care of domestic animals properly. As a result, low cost strategy is most effective to draw the attention of target customers. In addition, this particular organization aims to deal with social marketing (Foxall, 2014). Therefore, low cost strategy is within the ethics, values and beliefs of RSPCA. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals has launched numerous branches all over Australia. The householders of various geographical boundaries are the target group of RSPCA. Therefore, the business experts have decided to launch the branches of RSPCA in such places that customer can easily avail and use the services. Sydney, Melbourne, Canberra are the primary areas where RSPCA has established their entire process of business in order to draw the attention of large number of target group (De Mooij, 2013). As a result, the service providers are easily accessible to the customers in order to provide services. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals intends to focus on offline product promotion in order to collect immediate feedback from the customers. Direct marketing is one of the most important promotional strategies that the marketing executives of RSPCA tend to follow for reaching the doorstep of consumers. With the help of direct marketing, the sales executives of RSPCA can communicate with the customers effectively in order to gather customers response, be it positive and negative (Yeshin, 2012). After making a direct interaction with the customers, RSPCA has acquired numerable feedbacks based on which the organization has improved marketing strategies and policies. Comparison on marketing mix strategy between RSPCA and WWF: After making an effective comparative analysis on the marketing mix strategy and policy, it has been evaluated that the primary purpose of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSCPA) is to conserve animals. World Wildlife Fund has aimed to raise funds for the wild beasts. On the other hand, RSPCA has decided to take shelter of domestic animals in order to provide a safe and secured life. WWF likes to maintain high cost strategy for drawing the attention of premium customers (Wilson et al., 2012). People having average income level would never show their interest for purchasing soft toys for their children. Therefore, the organization has decided to focus on high cost strategy for drawing the attention of premium customers. On the other hand, Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals implemented low cost strategy within the organization in order to draw the attention of average cost people. The householders would show their interest for purchasing the products and services only when the product price would be affordable for them. In addition, the primary focus of RSPCA is to draw the attention of regional customers. Therefore, direct market strategy is the platform based on which the sales executives tends to promote their products and services (Parente Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, 2014). On the other hand, WWF has already expanded their business in different geographical boundaries. Therefore, online marketing promotion is the primary objective of reaching the doorstep of target customers. Target market analysis: Maintaining quality of product can never be the ultimate pathways of achieving organizational image and reputation. The organization has to maintain target market analysis for designing the products and services. Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals aims to target regional customers of Australia from 30 to 50 age group of people. The organization focuses on those customers who are having average level of income (Berthon et al., 2012). On the other hand, the primary target of World Wildlife Fund is to draw the attention of premium customers from different geographical boundaries. The marketing executives have segregated the target market in such a way that their product price does not become a burden for them. The products of World Wildlife Fund have been made in such a way that customers from different cultures and background show their interest for purchasing it. Conclusion This assessment has offered an in-depth breakdown of the two diverse marketing mix approaches and strategies of both World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). WWF follows a high-cost strategy for their premium segment, whereas RSPCA follows the low-cost strategy for their mid-level target market segment. With the help of this evaluation, both the organizations can create a market demand and along with it the organizations operational image and repute. The diverse methods of building business stratagem of business associations from the same industry have been displayed in a proper way. References About Us | WWF. (2016). World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 16 December 2016, from https://www.worldwildlife.org/about Berthon, P. R., Pitt, L. F., Plangger, K., Shapiro, D. (2012). Marketing meets Web 2.0, social media, and creative consumers: Implications for international marketing strategy.Business horizons,55(3), 261-271. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Foxall, G. (2014).Corporate Innovation (RLE Marketing): Marketing and Strategy. Routledge. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L., Armstrong, G. (2015).Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Omar, A. T., Leach, D., March, J. (2014). Collaboration between nonprofit and business sectors: A framework to guide strategy development for nonprofit organizations.VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations,25(3), 657-678. Parente, D., Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K. (2014).Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. Cengage Learning. rspca.org.au (2016). RSPCA Australia. Retrieved 10 December 2016, from https://www.rspca.org.au/adopt-pet Theysohn, S., Klein, K., Vlckner, F., Spann, M. (2013). Dual effect-based market segmentation and price optimization.Journal of Business Research,66(4), 480-488. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill. Yeshin, T. (2012).Integrated marketing communications. Routledge. mondsedisme1981http://www.blogger.com/profile/02000276580565079139noreply@blogger.com0